Android에서 Vulkan 시작하기

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
void HelloVK::createInstance() {
  VkApplicationInfo appInfo{};
  appInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;
  appInfo.pApplicationName = "Hello Triangle";
  appInfo.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
  appInfo.pEngineName = "No Engine";
  appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
  appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0;

  VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo{};
  createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
  createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;
  createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = (uint32_t)requiredExtensions.size();
  createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = requiredExtensions.data();
  createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;

  createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
  createInfo.pNext = nullptr;

  VK_CHECK(vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance));
  }
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h - Data Types
struct QueueFamilyIndices {
  std::optional<uint32_t> graphicsFamily;
  std::optional<uint32_t> presentFamily;
  bool isComplete() {
    return graphicsFamily.has_value() && presentFamily.has_value();
  }
};

struct SwapChainSupportDetails {
  VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities;
  std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats;
  std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> presentModes;
};

struct ANativeWindowDeleter {
  void operator()(ANativeWindow *window) { ANativeWindow_release(window); }
};

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
bool HelloVK::checkValidationLayerSupport() {
  uint32_t layerCount;
  vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, nullptr);

  std::vector<VkLayerProperties> availableLayers(layerCount);
  vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, availableLayers.data());

  for (const char *layerName : validationLayers) {
    bool layerFound = false;
    for (const auto &layerProperties : availableLayers) {
      if (strcmp(layerName, layerProperties.layerName) == 0) {
        layerFound = true;
        break;
      }
    }

    if (!layerFound) {
      return false;
    }
  }
  return true;
}

std::vector<const char *> HelloVK::getRequiredExtensions(
    bool enableValidationLayers) {
  std::vector<const char *> extensions;
  extensions.push_back("VK_KHR_surface");
  extensions.push_back("VK_KHR_android_surface");
  if (enableValidationLayers) {
    extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);
  }
  return extensions;
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
void HelloVK::createSurface() {
  assert(window != nullptr);  // window not initialized
  const VkAndroidSurfaceCreateInfoKHR create_info{
      .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_ANDROID_SURFACE_CREATE_INFO_KHR,
      .pNext = nullptr,
      .flags = 0,
      .window = window.get()};

  VK_CHECK(vkCreateAndroidSurfaceKHR(instance, &create_info,
                                     nullptr /* pAllocator */, &surface));
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
void HelloVK::pickPhysicalDevice() {
  uint32_t deviceCount = 0;
  vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, nullptr);

  assert(deviceCount > 0);  // failed to find GPUs with Vulkan support!

  std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> devices(deviceCount);
  vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, devices.data());

  for (const auto &device : devices) {
    if (isDeviceSuitable(device)) {
      physicalDevice = device;
      break;
    }
  }

  assert(physicalDevice != VK_NULL_HANDLE);  // failed to find a suitable GPU!
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
bool HelloVK::isDeviceSuitable(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
  QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(device);
  bool extensionsSupported = checkDeviceExtensionSupport(device);
  bool swapChainAdequate = false;
  if (extensionsSupported) {
    SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(device);
    swapChainAdequate = !swapChainSupport.formats.empty() &&
                        !swapChainSupport.presentModes.empty();
  }
  return indices.isComplete() && extensionsSupported && swapChainAdequate;
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
bool HelloVK::checkDeviceExtensionSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
  uint32_t extensionCount;
  vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount,
                                       nullptr);

  std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> availableExtensions(extensionCount);
  vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount,
                                       availableExtensions.data());

  std::set<std::string> requiredExtensions(deviceExtensions.begin(),
                                           deviceExtensions.end());

  for (const auto &extension : availableExtensions) {
    requiredExtensions.erase(extension.extensionName);
  }

  return requiredExtensions.empty();
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
QueueFamilyIndices HelloVK::findQueueFamilies(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
  QueueFamilyIndices indices;

  uint32_t queueFamilyCount = 0;
  vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, nullptr);

  std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> queueFamilies(queueFamilyCount);
  vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount,
                                           queueFamilies.data());

  int i = 0;
  for (const auto &queueFamily : queueFamilies) {
    if (queueFamily.queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT) {
      indices.graphicsFamily = i;
    }

    VkBool32 presentSupport = false;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(device, i, surface, &presentSupport);
    if (presentSupport) {
      indices.presentFamily = i;
    }

    if (indices.isComplete()) {
      break;
    }

    i++;
  }
  return indices;
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
void HelloVK::createLogicalDeviceAndQueue() {
  QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);
  std::vector<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queueCreateInfos;
  std::set<uint32_t> uniqueQueueFamilies = {indices.graphicsFamily.value(),
                                            indices.presentFamily.value()};
  float queuePriority = 1.0f;
  for (uint32_t queueFamily : uniqueQueueFamilies) {
    VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo{};
    queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
    queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamily;
    queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1;
    queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;
    queueCreateInfos.push_back(queueCreateInfo);
  }

  VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures{};

  VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo{};
  createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;
  createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount =
      static_cast<uint32_t>(queueCreateInfos.size());
  createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfos.data();
  createInfo.pEnabledFeatures = &deviceFeatures;
  createInfo.enabledExtensionCount =
      static_cast<uint32_t>(deviceExtensions.size());
  createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = deviceExtensions.data();
  if (enableValidationLayers) {
    createInfo.enabledLayerCount =
        static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
    createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();
  } else {
    createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
  }

  VK_CHECK(vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &createInfo, nullptr, &device));

  vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.graphicsFamily.value(), 0, &graphicsQueue);
  vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.presentFamily.value(), 0, &presentQueue);
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
void HelloVK::createSyncObjects() {
  imageAvailableSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
  renderFinishedSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
  inFlightFences.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

  VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo{};
  semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;

  VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo{};
  fenceInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO;
  fenceInfo.flags = VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
    VK_CHECK(vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr,
                               &imageAvailableSemaphores[i]));

    VK_CHECK(vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr,
                               &renderFinishedSemaphores[i]));

    VK_CHECK(vkCreateFence(device, &fenceInfo, nullptr, &inFlightFences[i]));
  }
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
void HelloVK::createSwapChain() {
  SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport =
      querySwapChainSupport(physicalDevice);

  auto chooseSwapSurfaceFormat =
      [](const std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> &availableFormats) {
        for (const auto &availableFormat : availableFormats) {
          if (availableFormat.format == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB &&
              availableFormat.colorSpace == VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR) {
            return availableFormat;
          }
        }
        return availableFormats[0];
      };

  VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat =
      chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(swapChainSupport.formats);

  // Please check
  // https://registry.khronos.org/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/VkPresentModeKHR.html
  // for a discourse on different present modes.
  //
  // VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR = Hard Vsync
  // This is always supported on Android phones
  VkPresentModeKHR presentMode = VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR;

  uint32_t imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount + 1;
  if (swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount > 0 &&
      imageCount > swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount) {
    imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount;
  }
  pretransformFlag = swapChainSupport.capabilities.currentTransform;

  VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR createInfo{};
  createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
  createInfo.surface = surface;
  createInfo.minImageCount = imageCount;
  createInfo.imageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
  createInfo.imageColorSpace = surfaceFormat.colorSpace;
  createInfo.imageExtent = displaySizeIdentity;
  createInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1;
  createInfo.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;
  createInfo.preTransform = pretransformFlag;

  QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);
  uint32_t queueFamilyIndices[] = {indices.graphicsFamily.value(),
                                   indices.presentFamily.value()};

  if (indices.graphicsFamily != indices.presentFamily) {
    createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT;
    createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 2;
    createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = queueFamilyIndices;
  } else {
    createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
    createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 0;
    createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = nullptr;
  }
  createInfo.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_INHERIT_BIT_KHR;
  createInfo.presentMode = presentMode;
  createInfo.clipped = VK_TRUE;
  createInfo.oldSwapchain = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

  VK_CHECK(vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChain));

  vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, nullptr);
  swapChainImages.resize(imageCount);
  vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount,
                          swapChainImages.data());

  swapChainImageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
  swapChainExtent = displaySizeIdentity;
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
SwapChainSupportDetails HelloVK::querySwapChainSupport(
    VkPhysicalDevice device) {
  SwapChainSupportDetails details;

  vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(device, surface,
                                            &details.capabilities);

  uint32_t formatCount;
  vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, nullptr);

  if (formatCount != 0) {
    details.formats.resize(formatCount);
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount,
                                         details.formats.data());
  }

  uint32_t presentModeCount;
  vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount,
                                            nullptr);

  if (presentModeCount != 0) {
    details.presentModes.resize(presentModeCount);
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(
        device, surface, &presentModeCount, details.presentModes.data());
  }
  return details;
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
void HelloVK::reset(ANativeWindow *newWindow, AAssetManager *newManager) {
  window.reset(newWindow);
  assetManager = newManager;
  if (initialized) {
    createSurface();
    recreateSwapChain();
  }
}

void HelloVK::recreateSwapChain() {
  vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);
  cleanupSwapChain();
  createSwapChain();
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
void HelloVK::createImageViews() {
  swapChainImageViews.resize(swapChainImages.size());
  for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
    VkImageViewCreateInfo createInfo{};
    createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
    createInfo.image = swapChainImages[i];
    createInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
    createInfo.format = swapChainImageFormat;
    createInfo.components.r = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
    createInfo.components.g = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
    createInfo.components.b = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
    createInfo.components.a = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
    createInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
    createInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
    createInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
    createInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
    createInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
    VK_CHECK(vkCreateImageView(device, &createInfo, nullptr,
                               &swapChainImageViews[i]));
  }
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
void HelloVK::createRenderPass() {
  VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachment{};
  colorAttachment.format = swapChainImageFormat;
  colorAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;

  colorAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
  colorAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;

  colorAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
  colorAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;

  colorAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
  colorAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;

  VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentRef{};
  colorAttachmentRef.attachment = 0;
  colorAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

  VkSubpassDescription subpass{};
  subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
  subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
  subpass.pColorAttachments = &colorAttachmentRef;

  VkSubpassDependency dependency{};
  dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
  dependency.dstSubpass = 0;
  dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
  dependency.srcAccessMask = 0;
  dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
  dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;

  VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo{};
  renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
  renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
  renderPassInfo.pAttachments = &colorAttachment;
  renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;
  renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;
  renderPassInfo.dependencyCount = 1;
  renderPassInfo.pDependencies = &dependency;

  VK_CHECK(vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &renderPass));
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
void HelloVK::createFramebuffers() {
  swapChainFramebuffers.resize(swapChainImageViews.size());
  for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImageViews.size(); i++) {
    VkImageView attachments[] = {swapChainImageViews[i]};

    VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebufferInfo{};
    framebufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
    framebufferInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
    framebufferInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
    framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments;
    framebufferInfo.width = swapChainExtent.width;
    framebufferInfo.height = swapChainExtent.height;
    framebufferInfo.layers = 1;

    VK_CHECK(vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &framebufferInfo, nullptr,
                                 &swapChainFramebuffers[i]));
  }
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
void HelloVK::createDescriptorSetLayout() {
  VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding uboLayoutBinding{};
  uboLayoutBinding.binding = 0;
  uboLayoutBinding.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
  uboLayoutBinding.descriptorCount = 1;
  uboLayoutBinding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
  uboLayoutBinding.pImmutableSamplers = nullptr;

  VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo layoutInfo{};
  layoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
  layoutInfo.bindingCount = 1;
  layoutInfo.pBindings = &uboLayoutBinding;

  VK_CHECK(vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, &layoutInfo, nullptr,
                                       &descriptorSetLayout));
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
VkShaderModule HelloVK::createShaderModule(const std::vector<uint8_t> &code) {
  VkShaderModuleCreateInfo createInfo{};
  createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO;
  createInfo.codeSize = code.size();

  // Satisfies alignment requirements since the allocator
  // in vector ensures worst case requirements
  createInfo.pCode = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t *>(code.data());
  VkShaderModule shaderModule;
  VK_CHECK(vkCreateShaderModule(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &shaderModule));

  return shaderModule;
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
void HelloVK::createGraphicsPipeline() {
  auto vertShaderCode =
      LoadBinaryFileToVector("shaders/shader.vert.spv", assetManager);
  auto fragShaderCode =
      LoadBinaryFileToVector("shaders/shader.frag.spv", assetManager);

  VkShaderModule vertShaderModule = createShaderModule(vertShaderCode);
  VkShaderModule fragShaderModule = createShaderModule(fragShaderCode);

  VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vertShaderStageInfo{};
  vertShaderStageInfo.sType =
      VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
  vertShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
  vertShaderStageInfo.module = vertShaderModule;
  vertShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

  VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo fragShaderStageInfo{};
  fragShaderStageInfo.sType =
      VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
  fragShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
  fragShaderStageInfo.module = fragShaderModule;
  fragShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

  VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[] = {vertShaderStageInfo,
                                                    fragShaderStageInfo};

  VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputInfo{};
  vertexInputInfo.sType =
      VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
  vertexInputInfo.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 0;
  vertexInputInfo.pVertexBindingDescriptions = nullptr;
  vertexInputInfo.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = 0;
  vertexInputInfo.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = nullptr;

  VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssembly{};
  inputAssembly.sType =
      VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
  inputAssembly.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST;
  inputAssembly.primitiveRestartEnable = VK_FALSE;

  VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState{};
  viewportState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
  viewportState.viewportCount = 1;
  viewportState.scissorCount = 1;

  VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizer{};
  rasterizer.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
  rasterizer.depthClampEnable = VK_FALSE;
  rasterizer.rasterizerDiscardEnable = VK_FALSE;
  rasterizer.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL;
  rasterizer.lineWidth = 1.0f;

  rasterizer.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT;
  rasterizer.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_CLOCKWISE;

  rasterizer.depthBiasEnable = VK_FALSE;
  rasterizer.depthBiasConstantFactor = 0.0f;
  rasterizer.depthBiasClamp = 0.0f;
  rasterizer.depthBiasSlopeFactor = 0.0f;

  VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampling{};
  multisampling.sType =
      VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
  multisampling.sampleShadingEnable = VK_FALSE;
  multisampling.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
  multisampling.minSampleShading = 1.0f;
  multisampling.pSampleMask = nullptr;
  multisampling.alphaToCoverageEnable = VK_FALSE;
  multisampling.alphaToOneEnable = VK_FALSE;

  VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachment{};
  colorBlendAttachment.colorWriteMask =
      VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT |
      VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;
  colorBlendAttachment.blendEnable = VK_FALSE;

  VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlending{};
  colorBlending.sType =
      VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
  colorBlending.logicOpEnable = VK_FALSE;
  colorBlending.logicOp = VK_LOGIC_OP_COPY;
  colorBlending.attachmentCount = 1;
  colorBlending.pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachment;
  colorBlending.blendConstants[0] = 0.0f;
  colorBlending.blendConstants[1] = 0.0f;
  colorBlending.blendConstants[2] = 0.0f;
  colorBlending.blendConstants[3] = 0.0f;

  VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo{};
  pipelineLayoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
  pipelineLayoutInfo.setLayoutCount = 1;
  pipelineLayoutInfo.pSetLayouts = &descriptorSetLayout;
  pipelineLayoutInfo.pushConstantRangeCount = 0;
  pipelineLayoutInfo.pPushConstantRanges = nullptr;

  VK_CHECK(vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutInfo, nullptr,
                                  &pipelineLayout));
  std::vector<VkDynamicState> dynamicStateEnables = {VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT,
                                                     VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_SCISSOR};
  VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicStateCI{};
  dynamicStateCI.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DYNAMIC_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
  dynamicStateCI.pDynamicStates = dynamicStateEnables.data();
  dynamicStateCI.dynamicStateCount =
      static_cast<uint32_t>(dynamicStateEnables.size());

  VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineInfo{};
  pipelineInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;
  pipelineInfo.stageCount = 2;
  pipelineInfo.pStages = shaderStages;
  pipelineInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputInfo;
  pipelineInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly;
  pipelineInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState;
  pipelineInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizer;
  pipelineInfo.pMultisampleState = &multisampling;
  pipelineInfo.pDepthStencilState = nullptr;
  pipelineInfo.pColorBlendState = &colorBlending;
  pipelineInfo.pDynamicState = &dynamicStateCI;
  pipelineInfo.layout = pipelineLayout;
  pipelineInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
  pipelineInfo.subpass = 0;
  pipelineInfo.basePipelineHandle = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
  pipelineInfo.basePipelineIndex = -1;

  VK_CHECK(vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &pipelineInfo,
                                     nullptr, &graphicsPipeline));
  vkDestroyShaderModule(device, fragShaderModule, nullptr);
  vkDestroyShaderModule(device, vertShaderModule, nullptr);
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
void HelloVK::createDescriptorPool() {
  VkDescriptorPoolSize poolSize{};
  poolSize.type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
  poolSize.descriptorCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

  VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{};
  poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
  poolInfo.poolSizeCount = 1;
  poolInfo.pPoolSizes = &poolSize;
  poolInfo.maxSets = static_cast<uint32_t>(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

  VK_CHECK(vkCreateDescriptorPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &descriptorPool));
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
void HelloVK::createDescriptorSets() {
  std::vector<VkDescriptorSetLayout> layouts(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT,
                                             descriptorSetLayout);
  VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
  allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_ALLOCATE_INFO;
  allocInfo.descriptorPool = descriptorPool;
  allocInfo.descriptorSetCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
  allocInfo.pSetLayouts = layouts.data();

  descriptorSets.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
  VK_CHECK(vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, descriptorSets.data()));

  for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
    VkDescriptorBufferInfo bufferInfo{};
    bufferInfo.buffer = uniformBuffers[i];
    bufferInfo.offset = 0;
    bufferInfo.range = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);

    VkWriteDescriptorSet descriptorWrite{};
    descriptorWrite.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
    descriptorWrite.dstSet = descriptorSets[i];
    descriptorWrite.dstBinding = 0;
    descriptorWrite.dstArrayElement = 0;
    descriptorWrite.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
    descriptorWrite.descriptorCount = 1;
    descriptorWrite.pBufferInfo = &bufferInfo;

    vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, 1, &descriptorWrite, 0, nullptr);
  }
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
struct UniformBufferObject {
  std::array<float, 16> mvp;
};

void HelloVK::createUniformBuffers() {
  VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);

  uniformBuffers.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
  uniformBuffersMemory.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

  for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
    createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,
                 VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT |
                     VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
                 uniformBuffers[i], uniformBuffersMemory[i]);
  }
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
void HelloVK::createBuffer(VkDeviceSize size, VkBufferUsageFlags usage,
                           VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties, VkBuffer &buffer,
                           VkDeviceMemory &bufferMemory) {
  VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo{};
  bufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
  bufferInfo.size = size;
  bufferInfo.usage = usage;
  bufferInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

  VK_CHECK(vkCreateBuffer(device, &bufferInfo, nullptr, &buffer));

  VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;
  vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device, buffer, &memRequirements);

  VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
  allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
  allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;
  allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex =
      findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties);

  VK_CHECK(vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &bufferMemory));

  vkBindBufferMemory(device, buffer, bufferMemory, 0);
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
/*
 * Finds the index of the memory heap which matches a particular buffer's memory
 * requirements. Vulkan manages these requirements as a bitset, in this case
 * expressed through a uint32_t.
 */
uint32_t HelloVK::findMemoryType(uint32_t typeFilter,
                                 VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties) {
  VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memProperties;
  vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(physicalDevice, &memProperties);

  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++) {
    if ((typeFilter & (1 << i)) && (memProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags &
                                    properties) == properties) {
      return i;
    }
  }

  assert(false);  // failed to find a suitable memory type!
  return -1;
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
void HelloVK::createCommandPool() {
  QueueFamilyIndices queueFamilyIndices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);
  VkCommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{};
  poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
  poolInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER_BIT;
  poolInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndices.graphicsFamily.value();
  VK_CHECK(vkCreateCommandPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &commandPool));
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
void HelloVK::createCommandBuffer() {
  commandBuffers.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
  VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
  allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
  allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
  allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
  allocInfo.commandBufferCount = commandBuffers.size();

  VK_CHECK(vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, commandBuffers.data()));
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
void HelloVK::recordCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer,
                                  uint32_t imageIndex) {
  VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{};
  beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
  beginInfo.flags = 0;
  beginInfo.pInheritanceInfo = nullptr;

  VK_CHECK(vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, &beginInfo));

  VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassInfo{};
  renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
  renderPassInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
  renderPassInfo.framebuffer = swapChainFramebuffers[imageIndex];
  renderPassInfo.renderArea.offset = {0, 0};
  renderPassInfo.renderArea.extent = swapChainExtent;

  VkViewport viewport{};
  viewport.width = (float)swapChainExtent.width;
  viewport.height = (float)swapChainExtent.height;
  viewport.minDepth = 0.0f;
  viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f;
  vkCmdSetViewport(commandBuffer, 0, 1, &viewport);

  VkRect2D scissor{};
  scissor.extent = swapChainExtent;
  vkCmdSetScissor(commandBuffer, 0, 1, &scissor);

  static float grey;
  grey += 0.005f;
  if (grey > 1.0f) {
    grey = 0.0f;
  }
  VkClearValue clearColor = {grey, grey, grey, 1.0f};

  renderPassInfo.clearValueCount = 1;
  renderPassInfo.pClearValues = &clearColor;
  vkCmdBeginRenderPass(commandBuffer, &renderPassInfo,
                       VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
  vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS,
                    graphicsPipeline);
  vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS,
                          pipelineLayout, 0, 1, &descriptorSets[currentFrame],
                          0, nullptr);

  vkCmdDraw(commandBuffer, 3, 1, 0, 0);
  vkCmdEndRenderPass(commandBuffer);
  VK_CHECK(vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffer));
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
void HelloVK::updateUniformBuffer(uint32_t currentImage) {
  SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport =
      querySwapChainSupport(physicalDevice);
  UniformBufferObject ubo{};
  getPrerotationMatrix(swapChainSupport.capabilities, pretransformFlag,
                       ubo.mvp);
  void *data;
  vkMapMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory[currentImage], 0, sizeof(ubo), 0,
              &data);
  memcpy(data, &ubo, sizeof(ubo));
  vkUnmapMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory[currentImage]);
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
void HelloVK::render() {
  if (orientationChanged) {
    onOrientationChange();
  }

  vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame], VK_TRUE,
                  UINT64_MAX);
  uint32_t imageIndex;
  VkResult result = vkAcquireNextImageKHR(
      device, swapChain, UINT64_MAX, imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame],
      VK_NULL_HANDLE, &imageIndex);
  if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) {
    recreateSwapChain();
    return;
  }
  assert(result == VK_SUCCESS ||
         result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR);  // failed to acquire swap chain image
  updateUniformBuffer(currentFrame);

  vkResetFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame]);
  vkResetCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[currentFrame], 0);

  recordCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[currentFrame], imageIndex);

  VkSubmitInfo submitInfo{};
  submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;

  VkSemaphore waitSemaphores[] = {imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame]};
  VkPipelineStageFlags waitStages[] = {
      VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT};
  submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
  submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = waitSemaphores;
  submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = waitStages;
  submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
  submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffers[currentFrame];
  VkSemaphore signalSemaphores[] = {renderFinishedSemaphores[currentFrame]};
  submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
  submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

  VK_CHECK(vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo,
                         inFlightFences[currentFrame]));

  VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo{};
  presentInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR;

  presentInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
  presentInfo.pWaitSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

  VkSwapchainKHR swapChains[] = {swapChain};
  presentInfo.swapchainCount = 1;
  presentInfo.pSwapchains = swapChains;
  presentInfo.pImageIndices = &imageIndex;
  presentInfo.pResults = nullptr;

  result = vkQueuePresentKHR(presentQueue, &presentInfo);
  if (result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
    orientationChanged = true;
  } else if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) {
    recreateSwapChain();
  } else {
    assert(result == VK_SUCCESS);  // failed to present swap chain image!
  }
  currentFrame = (currentFrame + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
void HelloVK::onOrientationChange() {
  recreateSwapChain();
  orientationChanged = false;
}

// CODELAB: vk_main.cpp
/**
 * Called by the Android runtime whenever events happen so the
 * app can react to it.
 */
static void HandleCmd(struct android_app *app, int32_t cmd) {
  auto *engine = (VulkanEngine *)app->userData;
  switch (cmd) {
    case APP_CMD_START:
      if (engine->app->window != nullptr) {
        engine->app_backend->reset(app->window, app->activity->assetManager);
        engine->app_backend->initVulkan();
        engine->canRender = true;
      }
    case APP_CMD_INIT_WINDOW:
      // The window is being shown, get it ready.
      LOGI("Called - APP_CMD_INIT_WINDOW");
      if (engine->app->window != nullptr) {
        LOGI("Setting a new surface");
        engine->app_backend->reset(app->window, app->activity->assetManager);
        if (!engine->app_backend->initialized) {
          LOGI("Starting application");
          engine->app_backend->initVulkan();
        }
        engine->canRender = true;
      }
      break;
    case APP_CMD_TERM_WINDOW:
      // The window is being hidden or closed, clean it up.
      engine->canRender = false;
      break;
    case APP_CMD_DESTROY:
      // The window is being hidden or closed, clean it up.
      LOGI("Destroying");
      engine->app_backend->cleanup();
    default:
      break;
  }
}

/*
 * Entry point required by the Android Glue library.
 * This can also be achieved more verbosely by manually declaring JNI functions
 * and calling them from the Android application layer.
 */
void android_main(struct android_app *state) {
  VulkanEngine engine{};
  vkt::HelloVK vulkanBackend{};

  engine.app = state;
  engine.app_backend = &vulkanBackend;
  state->userData = &engine;
  state->onAppCmd = HandleCmd;

  android_app_set_key_event_filter(state, VulkanKeyEventFilter);
  android_app_set_motion_event_filter(state, VulkanMotionEventFilter);

  while (true) {
    int ident;
    int events;
    android_poll_source *source;
    while ((ident = ALooper_pollAll(engine.canRender ? 0 : -1, nullptr, &events,
                                    (void **)&source)) >= 0) {
      if (source != nullptr) {
        source->process(state, source);
      }
    }

    HandleInputEvents(state);

    engine.app_backend->render();
  }
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
// Additional includes to make our lives easier than composing 
// transformation matrices manually
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>

// change our UniformBufferObject construct to use glm::mat4
struct UniformBufferObject {
  glm::mat4 mvp;
};

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
/*
 * getPrerotationMatrix handles screen rotation with 3 hardcoded rotation
 * matrices (detailed below). We skip the 180 degrees rotation.
 */
void getPrerotationMatrix(const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR &capabilities,
                          const VkSurfaceTransformFlagBitsKHR &pretransformFlag,
                          glm::mat4 &mat, float ratio) {
  // mat is initialized to the identity matrix
  mat = glm::mat4(1.0f);

  // scale by screen ratio
  mat = glm::scale(mat, glm::vec3(1.0f, ratio, 1.0f));

  // rotate 1 degree every function call.
  static float currentAngleDegrees = 0.0f;
  currentAngleDegrees += 1.0f;
  if ( currentAngleDegrees >= 360.0f ) {
    currentAngleDegrees = 0.0f;
  }

  mat = glm::rotate(mat, glm::radians(currentAngleDegrees), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
void HelloVK::decodeImage() {
  std::vector<uint8_t> imageData = LoadBinaryFileToVector("texture.png",
                                                          assetManager);
  if (imageData.size() == 0) {
      LOGE("Fail to load image.");
      return;
  }

  unsigned char* decodedData = stbi_load_from_memory(imageData.data(),
      imageData.size(), &textureWidth, &textureHeight, &textureChannels, 0);
  if (decodedData == nullptr) {
      LOGE("Fail to load image to memory, %s", stbi_failure_reason());
      return;
  }

  size_t imageSize = textureWidth * textureHeight * textureChannels;

  VkBufferCreateInfo createInfo{};
  createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
  createInfo.size = imageSize;
  createInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
  createInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
  VK_CHECK(vkCreateBuffer(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &stagingBuffer));

  VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;
  vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device, stagingBuffer, &memRequirements);

  VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
  allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
  allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;
  allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits,
      VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT);

  VK_CHECK(vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &stagingMemory));
  VK_CHECK(vkBindBufferMemory(device, stagingBuffer, stagingMemory, 0));

  uint8_t *data;
  VK_CHECK(vkMapMemory(device, stagingMemory, 0, memRequirements.size, 0,
                       (void **)&data));
  memcpy(data, decodedData, imageSize);
  vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingMemory);

  stbi_image_free(decodedData);
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
void HelloVK::createTextureImage() {
  VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo{};
  imageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO;
  imageInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
  imageInfo.extent.width = textureWidth;
  imageInfo.extent.height = textureHeight;
  imageInfo.extent.depth = 1;
  imageInfo.mipLevels = 1;
  imageInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
  imageInfo.format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_UNORM;
  imageInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
  imageInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
  imageInfo.usage =
      VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
  imageInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
  imageInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

  VK_CHECK(vkCreateImage(device, &imageInfo, nullptr, &textureImage));

  VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;
  vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, textureImage, &memRequirements);

  VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
  allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
  allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;
  allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits,
                                          VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);

  VK_CHECK(vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &textureImageMemory));

  vkBindImageMemory(device, textureImage, textureImageMemory, 0);
}

// CODELAB: hellovk.h
void HelloVK::copyBufferToImage() {
  VkImageSubresourceRange subresourceRange{};
  subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
  subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
  subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
  subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

  VkImageMemoryBarrier imageMemoryBarrier{};
  imageMemoryBarrier.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
  imageMemoryBarrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
  imageMemoryBarrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
  imageMemoryBarrier.image = textureImage;
  imageMemoryBarrier.subresourceRange = subresourceRange;
  imageMemoryBarrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
  imageMemoryBarrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
  imageMemoryBarrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
  imageMemoryBarrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;

  VkCommandBuffer cmd;
  VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo cmdAllocInfo{};
  cmdAllocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
  cmdAllocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
  cmdAllocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
  cmdAllocInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;

  VK_CHECK(vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &cmdAllocInfo, &cmd));

  VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{};
  beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
  vkBeginCommandBuffer(cmd, &beginInfo);

  vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT,
                       VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr, 0,
                       nullptr, 1, &imageMemoryBarrier);

  VkBufferImageCopy bufferImageCopy{};
  bufferImageCopy.imageSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
  bufferImageCopy.imageSubresource.mipLevel = 0;
  bufferImageCopy.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
  bufferImageCopy.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;
  bufferImageCopy.imageExtent.width = textureWidth;
  bufferImageCopy.imageExtent.height = textureHeight;
  bufferImageCopy.imageExtent.depth = 1;
  bufferImageCopy.bufferOffset = 0;

  vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(cmd, stagingBuffer, textureImage,
                         VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
                         1, &bufferImageCopy);

  imageMemoryBarrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
  imageMemoryBarrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
  imageMemoryBarrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;
  imageMemoryBarrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;

  vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
                       VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr,
                       0, nullptr, 1, &imageMemoryBarrier);

  vkEndCommandBuffer(cmd);

  VkSubmitInfo submitInfo{};
  submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
  submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
  submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &cmd;

  VK_CHECK(vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE));
  vkQueueWaitIdle(graphicsQueue);
}