تغييرات في السلوك: التطبيقات التي تستهدف الإصدار 16 من نظام التشغيل Android أو الإصدارات الأحدث

مثل الإصدارات السابقة، يتضمّن الإصدار 16 من Android تغييرات في السلوك قد تؤثر في تطبيقك. تنطبق تغييرات السلوك التالية حصريًا على التطبيقات التي تستهدف الإصدار 16 من Android أو الإصدارات الأحدث. إذا كان تطبيقك يستهدف الإصدار 16 من نظام التشغيل Android أو الإصدارات الأحدث، عليك تعديل تطبيقك لتفعيل هذه السلوكيات، حيثما ينطبق ذلك.

احرص أيضًا على مراجعة قائمة التغييرات في السلوك التي تؤثر في جميع التطبيقات التي تعمل بنظام التشغيل Android 16 بغض النظر عن targetSdkVersion تطبيقك.

تجربة المستخدم وواجهة المستخدم للنظام

يتضمّن الإصدار Android 16 (المستوى 36 من واجهة برمجة التطبيقات) التغييرات التالية التي تهدف إلى توفير تجربة استخدام أكثر اتساقًا وسهولة.

إيقاف ميزة "العرض حتى حافة الشاشة" نهائيًا

Android 15 enforced edge-to-edge for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35), but your app could opt-out by setting R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement to true. For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is deprecated and disabled, and your app can't opt-out of going edge-to-edge.

  • If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an Android 15 device, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement continues to work.
  • If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an Android 16 device, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is disabled.

For testing in Android 16 Beta 3, ensure your app supports edge-to-edge and remove any use of R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement so that your app also supports edge-to-edge on an Android 15 device. To support edge-to-edge, see the Compose and Views guidance.

نقل البيانات أو إيقاف ميزة "الرجوع إلى الخلف بشكلٍ تنبؤي" مطلوب

بالنسبة إلى التطبيقات التي تستهدف الإصدار 16 من نظام التشغيل Android (المستوى 36 لواجهة برمجة التطبيقات) أو الإصدارات الأحدث وتعمل على جهاز يعمل بالإصدار 16 من نظام التشغيل Android أو إصدار أحدث، يتم تفعيل الصور المتحركة التوقّعية للرجوع إلى النظام (الرجوع إلى الشاشة الرئيسية والتنقّل بين المهام وتنفيذ عدة أنشطة في الوقت نفسه) تلقائيًا. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، لا يتم استدعاء onBackPressed ولا يتم إرسال KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK بعد الآن.

إذا كان تطبيقك يعترض حدث الرجوع ولم تنقل إلى ميزة التنقّل التلقائي للرجوع بعد، عليك تحديث تطبيقك لاستخدام واجهات برمجة التطبيقات المتوافقة للتنقّل للخلف أو إيقاف هذه الميزة مؤقتًا من خلال ضبط سمة android:enableOnBackInvokedCallback على false في علامة <application> أو <activity> من ملف AndroidManifest.xml في تطبيقك.

الصورة المتحركة التي تعرض إيماءة الرجوع إلى الشاشة الرئيسية التنبؤية
الصورة المتحرّكة التنبؤية على مستوى جميع الأنشطة
الصورة المتحركة التنبؤية للإجراءات المتعدّدة

واجهات برمجة التطبيقات للخطوط الأنيقة متوقّفة نهائيًا

Apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35) have the elegantTextHeight TextView attribute set to true by default, replacing the compact font with one that is much more readable. You could override this by setting the elegantTextHeight attribute to false.

Android 16 deprecates the elegantTextHeight attribute, and the attribute will be ignored once your app targets Android 16. The "UI fonts" controlled by these APIs are being discontinued, so you should adapt any layouts to ensure consistent and future proof text rendering in Arabic, Lao, Myanmar, Tamil, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Telugu or Thai.

elegantTextHeight behavior for apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) and lower, or for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35) that overrode the default by setting the elegantTextHeight attribute to false.
elegantTextHeight behavior for apps targeting Android 16, or for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35) that didn't override the default by setting the elegantTextHeight attribute to false.

الوظيفة الأساسية

يتضمّن الإصدار Android 16 (المستوى 36 من واجهة برمجة التطبيقات) التغييرات التالية التي تعدّل أو توسّع الإمكانات الأساسية المختلفة لنظام Android.

تحسين جدولة العمل بسعر ثابت

Prior to targeting Android 16, when scheduleAtFixedRate missed a task execution due to being outside a valid process lifecycle, all missed executions immediately execute when the app returns to a valid lifecycle.

When targeting Android 16, at most one missed execution of scheduleAtFixedRate is immediately executed when the app returns to a valid lifecycle. This behavior change is expected to improve app performance. Test this behavior in your app to check if your app is impacted. You can also test by using the app compatibility framework and enabling the STPE_SKIP_MULTIPLE_MISSED_PERIODIC_TASKS compat flag.

أشكال الأجهزة

يتضمّن الإصدار 16 من Android (المستوى 36 من واجهة برمجة التطبيقات) التغييرات التالية على التطبيقات عند عرضها على الأجهزة ذات الشاشات الكبيرة.

التنسيقات التكيُّفية

With Android apps now running on a variety of devices (such as phones, tablets, foldables, desktops, cars, and TVs) and windowing modes on large screens (such as split screen and desktop windowing), developers should build Android apps that adapt to any screen and window size, regardless of device orientation. Paradigms like restricting orientation and resizability are too restrictive in today's multidevice world.

Ignore orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), Android 16 includes changes to how the system manages orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions. On displays with smallest width >= 600dp, the restrictions no longer apply. Apps also fill the entire display window, regardless of aspect ratio or a user's preferred orientation, and pillarboxing isn't used.

This change introduces a new standard platform behavior. Android is moving toward a model where apps are expected to adapt to various orientations, display sizes, and aspect ratios. Restrictions like fixed orientation or limited resizability hinder app adaptability, so we recommend making your app adaptive to deliver the best possible user experience.

You can also test this behavior by using the app compatibility framework and enabling the UNIVERSAL_RESIZABLE_BY_DEFAULT compat flag.

Common breaking changes

Ignoring orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions might impact your app's UI on some devices, especially elements that were designed for small layouts locked in portrait orientation: for example, issues like stretched layouts and off-screen animations and components. Any assumptions about aspect ratio or orientation can cause visual issues with your app. Learn more about how to avoid them and improve your app's adaptive behaviour.

Allowing device rotation results in more activity re-creation, which can result in losing user state if not properly preserved. Learn how to correctly save UI state in Save UI states.

Implementation details

The following manifest attributes and runtime APIs are ignored across large screen devices in full-screen and multi-window modes:

The following values for screenOrientation, setRequestedOrientation(), and getRequestedOrientation() are ignored:

  • portrait
  • reversePortrait
  • sensorPortrait
  • userPortrait
  • landscape
  • reverseLandscape
  • sensorLandscape
  • userLandscape

Regarding display resizability, android:resizeableActivity="false", android:minAspectRatio, and android:maxAspectRatio have no effect.

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), app orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio constraints are ignored on large screens by default, but every app that isn't fully ready can temporarily override this behavior by opting out (which results in the previous behavior of being placed in compatibility mode).

Exceptions

The Android 16 orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions don't apply in the following situations:

  • Games (based on the android:appCategory flag)
  • Users explicitly opting in to the app's default behavior in aspect ratio settings of the device
  • Screens that are smaller than sw600dp

Opt out temporarily

To opt out a specific activity, declare the PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY manifest property:

<activity ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
  ...
</activity>

If too many parts of your app aren't ready for Android 16, you can opt out completely by applying the same property at the application level:

<application ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
</application>

الصحة واللياقة البدنية

يتضمّن الإصدار Android 16 (المستوى 36 من واجهة برمجة التطبيقات) التغييرات التالية المتعلّقة ببيانات الصحة واللياقة البدنية.

أذونات الصحة واللياقة البدنية

بالنسبة إلى التطبيقات التي تستهدف الإصدار 16 من نظام التشغيل Android (المستوى 36 لواجهة برمجة التطبيقات) أو الإصدارات الأحدث، يتم نقل أذونات BODY_SENSORS إلى أذونات الدقيقة ضمن android.permissions.health التي يستخدمها أيضًا Health Connect. وأي واجهة برمجة تطبيقات كانت تتطلّب في السابق الإذنBODY_SENSORS أو BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND أصبحت الآن تتطلّب الإذن android.permissions.health المقابل. ويؤثّر ذلك في أنواع البيانات و واجهات برمجة التطبيقات وأنواع الخدمات التي تعمل في المقدّمة التالية:

إذا كان تطبيقك يستخدم واجهات برمجة التطبيقات هذه، من المفترض أن يطلب الآن إذنَي التنقّل المفصّلَين التاليَين:

  • لرصد معدل ضربات القلب أو تشبع الأكسجين في الدم أو درجة حرارة الجلد أثناء الاستخدام: اطلب الإذن المفصّل ضمن android.permissions.health، مثل READ_HEART_RATE بدلاً من BODY_SENSORS.
  • للوصول إلى أجهزة الاستشعار في الخلفية: اطلب READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND بدلاً من BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND.

هذه الأذونات هي نفسها الأذونات التي تحمي الوصول إلى قراءة البيانات من Health Connect، وهو مستودع بيانات Android لبيانات الصحة واللياقة البدنية والعافية.

التطبيقات المتوافقة مع الأجهزة الجوّالة

يجب أن تُعلِن التطبيقات المتوافقة مع الأجهزة الجوّالة التي تنقل بياناتها لاستخدام إذن READ_HEART_RATE وغيرها من الأذونات الدقيقة عن أنشطة محددة لعرض سياسة خصوصية التطبيق. هذه هي المتطلبات نفسها التي تنطبق على Health Connect.

إمكانية الاتصال

يتضمّن الإصدار 16 من Android (المستوى 36 من واجهة برمجة التطبيقات) التغييرات التالية في حِزمة البلوتوث لتحسين إمكانية الاتصال بالأجهزة الطرفية.

نوايا جديدة للتعامل مع فقدان الضمانات وتغييرات التشفير

As part of the Improved bond loss handling, Android 16 also introduces 2 new intents to provide apps with greater awareness of bond loss and encryption changes.

Apps targeting Android 16 can now:

  • Receive an ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent when remote bond loss is detected, allowing them to provide more informative user feedback and take appropriate actions.
  • Receive an ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent whenever encryption status of the link changes. This includes encryption status change, encryption algorithm change, and encryption key size change. Apps must consider the bond restored if the link is successfully encrypted upon receiving ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent later.

If your app currently uses custom mechanisms for bond loss handling, migrate to the new intent ACTION_KEY_MISSING to detect and manage bond loss events. We recommend your app guide the user to confirm the remote device is in range before initiating device forgetting and re-pairing.

Moreover, if a device disconnects after ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is received, your app should be mindful about reconnecting to the device as that device may no longer be bonded with the system.

الأمان

يتضمّن نظام التشغيل Android 16 (المستوى 36 لواجهة برمجة التطبيقات) التغييرات التالية على الأمان.

قفل إصدار MediaStore

بالنسبة إلى التطبيقات التي تستهدف الإصدار 16 من نظام التشغيل Android أو الإصدارات الأحدث، سيصبح MediaStore#getVersion() فريدًا لكل تطبيق. ويؤدي ذلك إلى إزالة السمات التعريفية من سلسلة الإصدار لمنع إساءة الاستخدام والاستفادة من تقنيات تحديد الهوية. ويجب ألا تفترض التطبيقات أيّ شيء بشأن تنسيق هذا الإصدار. من المفترض أن تتمكّن التطبيقات من التعامل مع تغييرات الإصدار عند استخدام واجهة برمجة التطبيقات هذه، وفي معظم الحالات، لن تحتاج التطبيقات إلى تغيير سلوكها الحالي، ما لم يحاول المطوّر استنتاج معلومات إضافية تتجاوز النطاق المقصود لواجهة برمجة التطبيقات هذه.

طلبات البحث الآمنة

The Safer Intents feature is a multi-phase security initiative designed to improve the security of Android's intent resolution mechanism. The goal is to protect apps from malicious actions by adding checks during intent processing and filtering intents that don't meet specific criteria.

In Android 15 the feature focused on the sending app, now with Android 16, shifts control to the receiving app, allowing developers to opt-in to strict intent resolution using their app manifest.

Two key changes are being implemented:

  1. Explicit Intents Must Match the Target Component's Intent Filter: If an intent explicitly targets a component, it should match that component's intent filter.

  2. Intents Without an Action Cannot Match any Intent Filter: Intents that don't have an action specified shouldn't be resolved to any intent filter.

These changes only apply when multiple apps are involved and don't affect intent handling within a single app.

Impact

The opt-in nature means that developers must explicitly enable it in their app manifest for it to take effect. As a result, the feature's impact will be limited to apps whose developers:

  • Are aware of the Safer Intents feature and its benefits.
  • Actively choose to incorporate stricter intent handling practices into their apps.

This opt-in approach minimizes the risk of breaking existing apps that may rely on the current less-secure intent resolution behavior.

While the initial impact in Android 16 may be limited, the Safer Intents initiative has a roadmap for broader impact in future Android releases. The plan is to eventually make strict intent resolution the default behavior.

The Safer Intents feature has the potential to significantly enhance the security of the Android ecosystem by making it more difficult for malicious apps to exploit vulnerabilities in the intent resolution mechanism.

However, the transition to opt-out and mandatory enforcement must be carefully managed to address potential compatibility issues with existing apps.

Implementation

Developers need to explicitly enable stricter intent matching using the intentMatchingFlags attribute in their app manifest. Here is an example where the feature is opt-in for the entire app, but disabled/opt-out on a receiver:

<application android:intentMatchingFlags="enforceIntentFilter">
    <receiver android:name=".MyBroadcastReceiver" android:exported="true" android:intentMatchingFlags="none">
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_ANOTHER_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
    </receiver>
</application>

More on the supported flags:

Flag Name Description
enforceIntentFilter Enforces stricter matching for incoming intents
none Disables all special matching rules for incoming intents. When specifying multiple flags, conflicting values are resolved by giving precedence to the "none" flag
allowNullAction Relaxes the matching rules to allow intents without an action to match. This flag to be used in conjunction with "enforceIntentFilter" to achieve a specific behavior

Testing and Debugging

When the enforcement is active, apps should function correctly if the intent caller has properly populated the intent. However, blocked intents will trigger warning log messages like "Intent does not match component's intent filter:" and "Access blocked:" with the tag "PackageManager." This indicates a potential issue that could impact the app and requires attention.

Logcat filter:

tag=:PackageManager & (message:"Intent does not match component's intent filter:" | message: "Access blocked:")

الخصوصية

يتضمّن الإصدار 16 من نظام التشغيل Android (المستوى 36 لواجهة برمجة التطبيقات) تغييرات الخصوصية التالية.

إذن الوصول إلى الشبكة المحلية

Devices on the LAN can be accessed by any app that has the INTERNET permission. This makes it easy for apps to connect to local devices but it also has privacy implications such as forming a fingerprint of the user, and being a proxy for location.

The Local Network Protections project aims to protect the user's privacy by gating access to the local network behind a new runtime permission.

Release plan

This change will be deployed between two releases, 25Q2 and TBD respectively. It is imperative that developers follow this guidance for 25Q2 and share feedback because these protections will be enforced at a later Android release. Moreover, they will need to update scenarios which depend on implicit local network access by using the following guidance and prepare for user rejection and revocation of the new permission.

Impact

At the current stage, LNP is an opt-in feature which means only the apps that opt in will be affected. The goal of the opt-in phase is for app developers to understand which parts of their app depend on implicit local network access such that they can prepare to permission guard them for the next release.

Apps will be affected if they access the user's local network using:

  • Direct or library use of raw sockets on local network addresses (e.g. mDNS or SSDP service discovery protocol)
  • Use of framework level classes that access the local network (e.g. NsdManager)

Traffic to and from a local network address requires local network access permission. The following table lists some common cases:

App Low Level Network Operation Local Network Permission Required
Making an outgoing TCP connection yes
Accepting incoming TCP connections yes
Sending a UDP unicast, multicast, broadcast yes
Receiving an incoming UDP unicast, multicast, broadcast yes

These restrictions are implemented deep in the networking stack, and thus they apply to all networking APIs. This includes sockets created in native or managed code, networking libraries like Cronet and OkHttp, and any APIs implemented on top of those. Trying to resolve services on the local network (i.e. those with a .local suffix) will require local network permission.

Exceptions to the rules above:

  • If a device's DNS server is on a local network, traffic to or from it (at port 53) doesn't require local network access permission.
  • Applications using Output Switcher as their in-app picker won't need local network permissions (more guidance to come in 2025Q4).

Developer Guidance (Opt-in)

To opt into local network restrictions, do the following:

  1. Flash the device to a build with 25Q2 Beta 3 or later.
  2. Install the app to be tested.
  3. Toggle the Appcompat flag in adb:

    adb shell am compat enable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>
    
  4. Reboot The device

Now your app's access to the local network is restricted and any attempt to access the local network will lead to socket errors. If you are using APIs that perform local network operations outside of your app process (ex: NsdManager), they won't be impacted during the opt-in phase.

To restore access, you must grant your app permission to NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES.

  1. Ensure the app declares the NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES permission in its manifest.
  2. Go to Settings > Apps > [Application Name] > Permissions > Nearby devices > Allow.

Now your app's access to the local network should be restored and all your scenarios should work as they did prior to opting the app in.

Once enforcement for local network protection begins, here is how the app network traffic will be impacted.

Permission Outbound LAN Request Outbound/Inbound Internet Request Inbound LAN Request
Granted Works Works Works
Not Granted Fails Works Fails

Use the following command to toggle-off the App-Compat flag

adb shell am compat disable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>

Errors

Errors arising from these restrictions will be returned to the calling socket whenever it invokes send or a send variant to a local network address.

Example errors:

sendto failed: EPERM (Operation not permitted)

sendto failed: ECONNABORTED (Operation not permitted)

Local Network Definition

A local network in this project refers to an IP network that utilizes a broadcast-capable network interface, such as Wi-Fi or Ethernet, but excludes cellular (WWAN) or VPN connections.

The following are considered local networks:

IPv4:

  • 169.254.0.0/16 // Link Local
  • 100.64.0.0/10 // CGNAT
  • 10.0.0.0/8 // RFC1918
  • 172.16.0.0/12 // RFC1918
  • 192.168.0.0/16 // RFC1918

IPv6:

  • Link-local
  • Directly-connected routes
  • Stub networks like Thread
  • Multiple-subnets (TBD)

Additionally, both multicast addresses (224.0.0.0/4, ff00::/8) and the IPv4 broadcast address (255.255.255.255) are classified as local network addresses.