行為變更：所有應用程式

Android 14 平台包含可能對應用程式造成影響的行為變更。無論 targetSdkVersion 為何，當應用程式在 Android 14 上執行時，下列行為變更將會套用至所有應用程式。您應測試應用程式，並視需要修改，以便在適當情況下支援新版本功能。

另請務必查看只會影響指定 Android 14 版本應用程式的行為變更清單。

核心功能

根據預設，系統會拒絕排定精確鬧鐘

精確鬧鐘是針對使用者需求或需要在確切時間發生的操作所設計的通知。自 Android 14 起，SCHEDULE_EXACT_ALARM權限不再預先授予以 Android 13 以上版本為目標所安裝的最新應用程式；該權限依預設為拒絕狀態。

進一步瞭解精準鬧鐘排程權限變更。

在應用程式快取期間，註冊使用情境的廣播訊息會排入佇列

On Android 14, the system can place context-registered broadcasts in a queue while the app is in the cached state. This is similar to the queuing behavior that Android 12 (API level 31) introduced for async binder transactions. Manifest-declared broadcasts aren't queued, and apps are removed from the cached state for broadcast delivery.

When the app leaves the cached state, such as returning to the foreground, the system delivers any queued broadcasts. Multiple instances of certain broadcasts might be merged into one broadcast. Depending on other factors, such as system health, apps might be removed from the cached state, and any previously queued broadcasts are delivered.

應用程式只能終止自己的背景處理程序

Starting in Android 14, when your app calls killBackgroundProcesses(), the API can kill only the background processes of your own app.

If you pass in the package name of another app, this method has no effect on that app's background processes, and the following message appears in Logcat:

Invalid packageName: com.example.anotherapp

Your app shouldn't use the killBackgroundProcesses() API or otherwise attempt to influence the process lifecycle of other apps, even on older OS versions. Android is designed to keep cached apps in the background and kill them automatically when the system needs memory. If your app kills other apps unnecessarily, it can reduce system performance and increase battery consumption by requiring full restarts of those apps later, which takes significantly more resources than resuming an existing cached app.

將第一個要求 MTU 的 GATT 用戶端 MTU 設為 517

Starting from Android 14, the Android Bluetooth stack more strictly adheres to Version 5.2 of the Bluetooth Core Specification and requests the BLE ATT MTU to 517 bytes when the first GATT client requests an MTU using the BluetoothGatt#requestMtu(int) API, and disregards all subsequent MTU requests on that ACL connection.

To address this change and make your app more robust, consider the following options:

  • Your peripheral device should respond to the Android device's MTU request with a reasonable value that can be accommodated by the peripheral. The final negotiated value will be a minimum of the Android requested value and the remote provided value (for example, min(517, remoteMtu))
    • Implementing this fix could require a firmware update for peripheral
  • Alternatively, limit your GATT characteristic writes based on the minimum between the known supported value of your peripheral and the received MTU change
    • A reminder that you should reduce 5 bytes from the supported size for the headers
    • For example: arrayMaxLength = min(SUPPORTED_MTU, GATT_MAX_ATTR_LEN(517)) - 5

應用程式進入受限制待命值區的新原因

Android 14 introduces a new reason an app can be placed into the restricted standby bucket. The app's jobs trigger ANR errors multiple times due to onStartJob, onStopJob, or onBind method timeouts. (See JobScheduler reinforces callback and network behavior for changes to onStartJob and onStopJob.)

To track whether or not the app has entered the restricted standby bucket, we recommend logging with the API UsageStatsManager.getAppStandbyBucket() on job execution or UsageStatsManager.queryEventsForSelf() on app startup.

mlock 上限為 64 KB

在 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本中，平台會將可使用 mlock() 鎖定的記憶體上限降至每個程序 64 KB。在舊版中，每項程序的上限是 64 MB。這項限制可促進跨應用程式和系統的記憶體管理。為提供跨裝置的一致性，Android 14 針對相容裝置的新的 mlock() 限制新增新的 CTS 測試。

系統會強制使用快取應用程式的資源

By design, an app's process is in a cached state when it's moved to the background and no other app process components are running. Such an app process is subject to being killed due to system memory pressure. Any work that Activity instances perform after the onStop() method has been called and returned, while in this state, is unreliable and strongly discouraged.

Android 14 introduces consistency and enforcement to this design. Shortly after an app process enters a cached state, background work is disallowed, until a process component re-enters an active state of the lifecycle.

Apps that use typical framework-supported lifecycle APIs – such as services, JobScheduler, and Jetpack WorkManager – shouldn't be impacted by these changes.

使用者體驗

針對使用者無法關閉通知的情況進行變更

If your app shows non-dismissable foreground notifications to users, Android 14 has changed the behavior to allow users to dismiss such notifications.

This change applies to apps that prevent users from dismissing foreground notifications by setting Notification.FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT through Notification.Builder#setOngoing(true) or NotificationCompat.Builder#setOngoing(true). The behavior of FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT has changed to make such notifications actually dismissable by the user.

These kinds of notifications are still non-dismissable in the following conditions:

  • When the phone is locked
  • If the user selects a Clear all notification action (which helps with accidental dismissals)

Also, this new behavior doesn't apply to notifications in the following use cases:

  • CallStyle notifications
  • Device policy controller (DPC) and supporting packages for enterprise
  • Media notifications
  • The default Search Selector package

以更清楚的方式顯示資料安全性資訊

To enhance user privacy, Android 14 increases the number of places where the system shows the information you have declared in the Play Console form. Currently, users can view this information in the Data safety section on your app's listing in Google Play.

We encourage you to review your app's location data sharing policies and take a moment to make any applicable updates to your app's Google Play Data safety section.

Learn more in the guide about how data safety information is more visible on Android 14.

無障礙功能

非線性字型縮放至 200%

自 Android 14 起，系統將支援高達 200% 的字型縮放倍數，為低視能使用者提供符合無障礙網頁內容規範 (WCAG)的額外無障礙選項。

如果您已經使用縮放像素 (sp) 單位來定義文字大小，則此異動可能不會對您的應用程式造成太大影響。然而，建議您 啟用最大字型大小 (200%) 執行使用者介面測試，以確保應用程式能在不影響可用性的情況下，適應更大的字型大小。

安全性

可安裝的目標 API 級別下限

自 Android 14 起，無法安裝 targetSdkVersion 低於 23 的應用程式。要求應用程式符合這些最低目標 API 級別規定，可提升使用者的安全性和隱私權。

為了規避 Android 較新版本的安全性和隱私權保護措施，惡意軟體通常會鎖定舊版 API 級別。舉例來說，某些惡意軟體應用程式會使用 22 的 targetSdkVersion，以避免受到 Android 6.0 Marshmallow (API 級別 23) 在 2015 年推出的執行階段權限模型。這項 Android 14 變更會讓惡意軟體更難躲過更嚴謹的安全性和隱私權措施。如果嘗試安裝以較低 API 級別為目標的應用程式，則將導致安裝失敗，Logcat 也會顯示以下訊息：

INSTALL_FAILED_DEPRECATED_SDK_VERSION: App package must target at least SDK version 23, but found 7

在升級至 Android 14 的裝置上，targetSdkVersion 低於 23 的所有應用程式均不會遭到移除。

如果您需要測試以舊版 API 級別為目標的應用程式，請使用下列 ADB 指令：

adb install --bypass-low-target-sdk-block FILENAME.apk

媒體擁有者的套件名稱可能會被遮蓋

The media store supports queries for the OWNER_PACKAGE_NAME column, which indicates the app that stored a particular media file. Starting in Android 14, this value is redacted unless at least one of the following conditions is true:

  • The app that stored the media file has a package name that is always visible to other apps.

  • The app that queries the media store requests the QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES permission.

Learn more about how Android filters package visibility for privacy purposes.