行為變更：指定 Android 14 以上版本的應用程式

和先前版本一樣，Android 14 也包含可能會影響應用程式的行為變更。以下行為變更僅適用於指定 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本的應用程式。如果您的應用程式指定 Android 14 以上版本，建議您視情況修改應用程式，以支援這些行為。

此外，無論應用程式的 targetSdkVersion 為何，請務必查看對所有 Android 14 應用程式有影響的行為變更清單。

核心功能

必須提供前景服務類型

如果您的應用程式以 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本為目標，則必須為應用程式中的每個前景服務指定至少一個前景服務類型。您應選擇代表應用程式用途的前景服務類型。系統會預期具有特定類型的前景服務，以滿足特定用途。

如果應用程式的用途與上述任一類型無關，強烈建議您遷移邏輯，以便使用 WorkManager 或使用者啟動的資料移轉作業。

在 BluetoothAdapter 中強制執行 BLUETOOTH_CONNECT 權限

Android 14 enforces the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission when calling the BluetoothAdapter getProfileConnectionState() method for apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher.

This method already required the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission, but it was not enforced. Make sure your app declares BLUETOOTH_CONNECT in your app's AndroidManifest.xml file as shown in the following snippet and check that a user has granted the permission before calling getProfileConnectionState.

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_CONNECT" />

OpenJDK 17 更新

Android 14 continues the work of refreshing Android's core libraries to align with the features in the latest OpenJDK LTS releases, including both library updates and Java 17 language support for app and platform developers.

A few of these changes can affect app compatibility:

• Changes to regular expressions: Invalid group references are now disallowed to more closely follow the semantics of OpenJDK. You might see new cases where an IllegalArgumentException is thrown by the java.util.regex.Matcher class, so make sure to test your app for areas that use regular expressions. To enable or disable this change while testing, toggle the DISALLOW_INVALID_GROUP_REFERENCE flag using the compatibility framework tools.
• UUID handling: The java.util.UUID.fromString() method now does more strict checks when validating the input argument, so you might see an IllegalArgumentException during deserialization. To enable or disable this change while testing, toggle the ENABLE_STRICT_VALIDATION flag using the compatibility framework tools.
• ProGuard issues: In some cases, the addition of the java.lang.ClassValue class causes an issue if you try to shrink, obfuscate, and optimize your app using ProGuard. The problem originates with a Kotlin library that changes runtime behaviour based on whether Class.forName("java.lang.ClassValue") returns a class or not. If your app was developed against an older version of the runtime without the java.lang.ClassValue class available, then these optimizations might remove the computeValue method from classes derived from java.lang.ClassValue.

JobScheduler 會強化回呼和網路行為

Since its introduction, JobScheduler expects your app to return from onStartJob or onStopJob within a few seconds. Prior to Android 14, if a job runs too long, the job is stopped and fails silently. If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and exceeds the granted time on the main thread, the app triggers an ANR with the error message "No response to onStartJob" or "No response to onStopJob".

This ANR may be a result of 2 scenarios: 1. There is work blocking the main thread, preventing the callbacks onStartJob or onStopJob from executing and completing within the expected time limit. 2. The developer is running blocking work within the JobScheduler callback onStartJob or onStopJob, preventing the callback from completing within the expected time limit.

To address #1, you will need to further debug what is blocking the main thread when the ANR occurs, you can do this using ApplicationExitInfo#getTraceInputStream() to get the tombstone trace when the ANR occurs. If you're able to manually reproduce the ANR, you can record a system trace and inspect the trace using either Android Studio or Perfetto to better understand what is running on the main thread when the ANR occurs. Note that this can happen when using JobScheduler API directly or using the androidx library WorkManager.

To address #2, consider migrating to WorkManager, which provides support for wrapping any processing in onStartJob or onStopJob in an asynchronous thread.

JobScheduler also introduces a requirement to declare the ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission if using setRequiredNetworkType or setRequiredNetwork constraint. If your app does not declare the ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission when scheduling the job and is targeting Android 14 or higher, it will result in a SecurityException.

啟動圖塊 API

針對指定 14 以上版本為目標的應用程式，TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(Intent) 已遭淘汰，現在呼叫時會擲回例外狀況。如果您的應用程式從資訊方塊啟動活動，請使用 TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(PendingIntent)。

隱私權

相片和影片的部分存取權

Android 14 introduces Selected Photos Access, which allows users to grant apps access to specific images and videos in their library, rather than granting access to all media of a given type.

This change is only enabled if your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher. If you don't use the photo picker yet, we recommend implementing it in your app to provide a consistent experience for selecting images and videos that also enhances user privacy without having to request any storage permissions.

If you maintain your own gallery picker using storage permissions and need to maintain full control over your implementation, adapt your implementation to use the new READ_MEDIA_VISUAL_USER_SELECTED permission. If your app doesn't use the new permission, the system runs your app in a compatibility mode.

使用者體驗

安全的全螢幕意圖通知

With Android 11 (API level 30), it was possible for any app to use Notification.Builder.setFullScreenIntent to send full-screen intents while the phone is locked. You could auto-grant this on app install by declaring USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT permission in the AndroidManifest.

Full-screen intent notifications are designed for extremely high-priority notifications demanding the user's immediate attention, such as an incoming phone call or alarm clock settings configured by the user. For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, apps that are allowed to use this permission are limited to those that provide calling and alarms only. The Google Play Store revokes default USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT permissions for any apps that don't fit this profile. The deadline for these policy changes is May 31, 2024.

This permission remains enabled for apps installed on the phone before the user updates to Android 14. Users can turn this permission on and off.

You can use the new API NotificationManager.canUseFullScreenIntent to check if your app has the permission; if not, your app can use the new intent ACTION_MANAGE_APP_USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT to launch the settings page where users can grant the permission.

安全性

隱含和待處理意圖的限制

針對以 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本為目標的應用程式，Android 會透過以下方式，限制應用程式傳送隱含意圖至內部應用程式元件：

• 隱含意圖只會傳送至匯出的元件。應用程式必須使用明確意圖傳送至未匯出的元件，或將元件標示為已匯出。
• 如果應用程式建立可變動的待處理意圖，且意圖未指定元件或套件，系統會擲回例外狀況。

這些異動可防止惡意應用程式攔截由應用程式內部元件使用的隱含意圖。

例如，以下是可在應用程式資訊清單檔案中宣告的意圖篩選器：

<activity
    android:name=".AppActivity"
    android:exported="false">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="com.example.action.APP_ACTION" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
    </intent-filter>
</activity>

如果您的應用程式嘗試以隱含意圖啟動這個活動，系統會擲回 ActivityNotFoundException 例外狀況：

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"))

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"));

若要啟動非匯出活動，應用程式應改用明確意圖：

// This makes the intent explicit.
val explicitIntent =
        Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.apply {
    package = context.packageName
}
context.startActivity(explicitIntent)

// This makes the intent explicit.
Intent explicitIntent =
        new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.setPackage(context.getPackageName());
context.startActivity(explicitIntent);

已註冊執行階段的廣播接收器必須指定匯出行為

Apps and services that target Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and use context-registered receivers are required to specify a flag to indicate whether or not the receiver should be exported to all other apps on the device: either RECEIVER_EXPORTED or RECEIVER_NOT_EXPORTED, respectively. This requirement helps protect apps from security vulnerabilities by leveraging the features for these receivers introduced in Android 13.

Exception for receivers that receive only system broadcasts

If your app is registering a receiver only for system broadcasts through Context#registerReceiver methods, such as Context#registerReceiver(), then it shouldn't specify a flag when registering the receiver.

更安全的動態程式碼載入

如果您的應用程式指定 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本，且使用動態程式碼 載入 (DCL) 後，所有動態載入的檔案都必須標示為唯讀。 否則，系統會擲回例外狀況。我們建議應用程式避免 動態載入程式碼 因為這麼做將會大幅提升應用程式的效能 將遭駭。

如果您必須動態載入程式碼，請使用以下方法來設定 動態載入的檔案 (例如 DEX、JAR 或 APK 檔案) 盡快處於唯讀狀態 會在檔案開啟和寫入任何內容前執行：

val jar = File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar")
val os = FileOutputStream(jar)
os.use {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly()
    // Then write the actual file content
}
val cl = PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader)

File jar = new File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar");
try (FileOutputStream os = new FileOutputStream(jar)) {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly();
    // Then write the actual file content
} catch (IOException e) { ... }
PathClassLoader cl = new PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader);

處理已存在的動態載入檔案

為避免現有的動態載入檔案擲回例外狀況，建議您先刪除並重新建立檔案，然後再嘗試在應用程式中動態載入這些檔案。重新建立檔案時，請按照上述指示，在寫入時將檔案標記為唯讀。此外，也可以 將現有檔案重新標示為唯讀 建議您先驗證檔案的完整性 (例如，使用 檢查檔案簽名是否符合信任的值)，協助您保護應用程式 不受惡意動作的影響

從背景啟動活動的額外限制

針對以 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本為目標版本的應用程式，系統會進一步限制應用程式可從背景啟動活動的情況：

• 當應用程式使用 PendingIntent#send() 或類似方法傳送 PendingIntent 時，如果應用程式要自行授予背景活動啟動權限，以便啟動待處理意圖，則須在當前階段選擇加入。如要選擇加入，應用程式應透過 setPendingIntentBackgroundActivityStartMode(MODE_BACKGROUND_ACTIVITY_START_ALLOWED) 傳遞 ActivityOptions 組合。
• 如果開放瀏覽權限的應用程式使用 bindService() 方法，在背景中綁定另一個應用程式的服務，則開放瀏覽權限的應用程式必須在當前階段選擇加入，才可將其背景活動啟動權限授予該綁定的服務。如要選擇加入，應用程式在呼叫 bindService() 方法時，應納入 BIND_ALLOW_ACTIVITY_STARTS 標記。

這些變更會擴大現有的限制組合，避免惡意應用程式濫用 API 而從背景啟動干擾活動，進而為使用者提供保護。

Zip Path Traversal

針對指定 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本的應用程式，Android 會透過下列方式避免 Zip Path Traversal 安全漏洞：如果 ZIP 檔案的項目名稱包含「..」或以「/」開頭，則 ZipFile(String) 和 ZipInputStream.getNextEntry() 會擲回 ZipException。

應用程式可透過呼叫 dalvik.system.ZipPathValidator.clearCallback()，選擇不採用此驗證。

每次 MediaProjection 擷取工作階段都必須取得使用者同意

如果應用程式指定的是 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本，則 MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay 會在下列任一情況下擲回 SecurityException：

• 應用程式會快取從 MediaProjectionManager#createScreenCaptureIntent 傳回的 Intent，並多次將其傳遞至 MediaProjectionManager#getMediaProjection。
• 應用程式會在同一個 MediaProjection 例項上多次叫用 MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay。

應用程式必須在每次擷取工作階段前，要求使用者同意。單一擷取工作階段是對 MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay 的單一叫用，且每個 MediaProjection 例項只能使用一次。

處理設定變更

如果應用程式需要叫用 MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay 來處理設定變更 (例如螢幕方向或螢幕大小變更)，您可以按照下列步驟更新現有 MediaProjection 例項的 VirtualDisplay：

1. 使用新的寬度和高度呼叫 VirtualDisplay#resize。
2. 提供新的 Surface，並將新的寬度和高度傳遞給 VirtualDisplay#setSurface。

註冊回呼

應用程式應註冊回呼，以便處理使用者未同意繼續擷取影像的情況。如要這麼做，請實作 Callback#onStop，並讓應用程式釋出任何相關資源 (例如 VirtualDisplay 和 Surface)。

如果應用程式未註冊此回呼，MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay 在應用程式叫用時會擲回 IllegalStateException。

更新非 SDK 限制

Android 14 includes updated lists of restricted non-SDK interfaces based on collaboration with Android developers and the latest internal testing. Whenever possible, we make sure that public alternatives are available before we restrict non-SDK interfaces.

If your app does not target Android 14, some of these changes might not immediately affect you. However, while you can currently use some non-SDK interfaces (depending on your app's target API level), using any non-SDK method or field always carries a high risk of breaking your app.

If you are unsure if your app uses non-SDK interfaces, you can test your app to find out. If your app relies on non-SDK interfaces, you should begin planning a migration to SDK alternatives. Nevertheless, we understand that some apps have valid use cases for using non-SDK interfaces. If you cannot find an alternative to using a non-SDK interface for a feature in your app, you should request a new public API.

如要進一步瞭解此 Android 版本中的變更，請參閱「Android 14 的非 SDK 介面限制更新內容」。如要進一步瞭解非 SDK 介面的一般資訊，請參閱「非 SDK 介面的限制」。