Ringkasan Fitur dan API

Android 14 memperkenalkan fitur dan API baru yang hebat untuk para developer. Bagian berikut membantu Anda mempelajari fitur-fitur yang tersedia untuk aplikasi Anda, serta mulai menggunakan API yang terkait.

Untuk melihat daftar mendetail tentang API yang ditambahkan, diubah, dan dihapus, baca laporan perbedaan API. Untuk mengetahui detail tentang API yang ditambahkan, buka referensi API Android — untuk Android 14, cari API yang ditambahkan di level API 34. Untuk mempelajari area tempat perubahan platform dapat memengaruhi aplikasi Anda, pastikan untuk memeriksa perubahan perilaku Android 14 untuk aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 14 dan untuk semua aplikasi.

Internasionalisasi

Preferensi bahasa per aplikasi

Android 14 expands on the per-app language features that were introduced in Android 13 (API level 33) with these additional capabilities:

  • Automatically generate an app's localeConfig: Starting with Android Studio Giraffe Canary 7 and AGP 8.1.0-alpha07, you can configure your app to support per-app language preferences automatically. Based on your project resources, the Android Gradle plugin generates the LocaleConfig file and adds a reference to it in the final manifest file, so you no longer have to create or update the file manually. AGP uses the resources in the res folders of your app modules and any library module dependencies to determine the locales to include in the LocaleConfig file.

  • Dynamic updates for an app's localeConfig: Use the setOverrideLocaleConfig() and getOverrideLocaleConfig() methods in LocaleManager to dynamically update your app's list of supported languages in the device's system settings. Use this flexibility to customize the list of supported languages per region, run A/B experiments, or provide an updated list of locales if your app utilizes server-side pushes for localization.

  • App language visibility for input method editors (IMEs): IMEs can utilize the getApplicationLocales() method to check the language of the current app and match the IME language to that language.

Grammatical Inflection API

Tiga miliar orang menggunakan bahasa bergender: bahasa yang kategori gramatikalnya—seperti kata benda, kata kerja, kata sifat, dan preposisi—diterapkan dengan gender orang dan objek yang Anda ajak bicara atau Anda bicarakan. Secara tradisional, banyak bahasa bergender menggunakan gender gramatikal maskulin sebagai gender default atau generik.

Menjangkau pengguna dalam gender gramatikal yang salah, seperti menyapa perempuan dengan gender gramatikal yang maskulin, dapat memberi dampak negatif pada performa dan sikap mereka. Sebaliknya, UI dengan bahasa yang mencerminkan gender gramatikal pengguna dengan benar dapat meningkatkan interaksi pengguna dan memberikan pengalaman pengguna yang lebih personal dan terdengar alami.

Guna membantu Anda mem-build UI yang berorientasi pengguna untuk bahasa-bahasa bergender, Android 14 memperkenalkan Grammatical Inflection API, yang memungkinkan Anda menambahkan dukungan untuk gender gramatikal tanpa perlu memfaktorkan ulang aplikasi.

Preferensi regional

Regional preferences enable users to personalize temperature units, the first day of the week, and numbering systems. A European living in the United States might prefer temperature units to be in Celsius rather than Fahrenheit and for apps to treat Monday as the beginning of the week instead of the US default of Sunday.

New Android Settings menus for these preferences provide users with a discoverable and centralized location to change app preferences. These preferences also persist through backup and restore. Several APIs and intents—such as getTemperatureUnit and getFirstDayOfWeek— grant your app read access to user preferences, so your app can adjust how it displays information. You can also register a BroadcastReceiver on ACTION_LOCALE_CHANGED to handle locale configuration changes when regional preferences change.

To find these settings, open the Settings app and navigate to System > Languages & input > Regional preferences.

Regional preferences screen in Android system settings.
Temperature options for regional preferences in Android system settings.

Aksesibilitas

Penskalaan font non-linear ke 200%

Starting in Android 14, the system supports font scaling up to 200%, providing users with additional accessibility options.

To prevent large text elements on screen from scaling too large, the system applies a nonlinear scaling curve. This scaling strategy means that large text doesn't scale at the same rate as smaller text. Nonlinear font scaling helps preserve the proportional hierarchy between elements of different sizes while mitigating issues with linear text scaling at high degrees (such as text being cut off or text that becomes harder to read due to an extremely large display sizes).

Test your app with nonlinear font scaling

Enable the maximum font size in a device's accessibility settings to test your app.

If you already use scaled pixels (sp) units to define text sizing, then these additional options and scaling improvements are applied automatically to the text in your app. However, you should still perform UI testing with the maximum font size enabled (200%) to ensure that your app applies the font sizes correctly and can accommodate larger font sizes without impacting usability.

To enable 200% font size, follow these steps:

  1. Open the Settings app and navigate to Accessibility > Display size and text.
  2. For the Font size option, tap the plus (+) icon until the maximum font size setting is enabled, as shown in the image that accompanies this section.

Use scaled pixel (sp) units for text-sizes

Remember to always specify text sizes in sp units. When your app uses sp units, Android can apply the user's preferred text size and scale it appropriately.

Don't use sp units for padding or define view heights assuming implicit padding: with nonlinear font scaling sp dimensions might not be proportional, so 4sp + 20sp might not equal 24sp.

Convert scaled pixel (sp) units

Use TypedValue.applyDimension() to convert from sp units to pixels, and use TypedValue.deriveDimension() to convert pixels to sp. These methods apply the appropriate nonlinear scaling curve automatically.

Avoid hardcoding equations using Configuration.fontScale or DisplayMetrics.scaledDensity. Because font scaling is nonlinear, the scaledDensity field is no longer accurate. The fontScale field should be used for informational purposes only because fonts are no longer scaled with a single scalar value.

Use sp units for lineHeight

Always define android:lineHeight using sp units instead of dp, so the line height scales along with your text. Otherwise, if your text is sp but your lineHeight is in dp or px, it doesn't scale and looks cramped. TextView automatically corrects the lineHeight so that your intended proportions are preserved, but only if both textSize and lineHeight are defined in sp units.

Kamera dan media

Ultra HDR untuk gambar

Ilustrasi kualitas gambar Standard Dynamic Range (SDR) versus High Dynamic Range (HDR).

Android 14 menambahkan dukungan untuk gambar Rentang Dinamis Tinggi (HDR) yang mempertahankan lebih banyak informasi dari sensor saat mengambil foto, yang memungkinkan warna yang cerah dan kontras yang lebih besar. Android menggunakan format Ultra HDR, yang sepenuhnya kompatibel dengan gambar JPEG, sehingga aplikasi dapat berinteraksi dengan lancar dengan gambar HDR, menampilkannya dalam Rentang Dinamis Standar (SDR) sesuai kebutuhan.

Merender gambar ini di UI dalam HDR dilakukan secara otomatis oleh framework saat aplikasi Anda memilih untuk menggunakan UI HDR untuk Jendela Aktivitasnya, baik melalui entri manifes atau saat runtime dengan memanggil Window.setColorMode(). Anda juga dapat mengambil gambar diam Ultra HDR yang dikompresi di perangkat yang didukung. Dengan lebih banyak warna yang dipulihkan dari sensor, pengeditan pasca-produksi dapat lebih fleksibel. Gainmap yang terkait dengan gambar Ultra HDR dapat digunakan untuk merendernya menggunakan OpenGL atau Vulkan.

Zoom, Fokus, Postview, dan lainnya di ekstensi kamera

Android 14 mengupgrade dan meningkatkan ekstensi kamera, sehingga aplikasi dapat menangani waktu pemrosesan yang lebih lama, yang memungkinkan gambar yang lebih baik menggunakan algoritma yang intensif komputasi seperti fotografi cahaya rendah di perangkat yang didukung. Fitur ini memberi pengguna pengalaman yang lebih andal saat menggunakan kemampuan ekstensi kamera. Contoh peningkatan ini mencakup:

Zoom dalam sensor

Jika REQUEST_AVAILABLE_CAPABILITIES_STREAM_USE_CASE di CameraCharacteristics berisi SCALER_AVAILABLE_STREAM_USE_CASES_CROPPED_RAW, aplikasi Anda dapat menggunakan kemampuan sensor lanjutan untuk memberikan streaming RAW yang dipangkas dengan piksel yang sama dengan bidang pandang penuh menggunakan CaptureRequest dengan target RAW yang memiliki kasus penggunaan streaming yang disetel ke CameraMetadata.SCALER_AVAILABLE_STREAM_USE_CASES_CROPPED_RAW. Dengan menerapkan kontrol penggantian permintaan, kamera yang diperbarui memberi pengguna kontrol zoom bahkan sebelum kontrol kamera lainnya siap.

Audio USB lossless

Android 14 mendapatkan dukungan untuk format audio lossless untuk pengalaman level audiophile melalui headset berkabel USB. Anda dapat membuat kueri perangkat USB untuk atribut mixer pilihannya, mendaftarkan pemroses untuk perubahan pada atribut mixer pilihan, dan mengonfigurasi atribut mixer menggunakan class AudioMixerAttributes. Class ini mewakili format, seperti mask saluran, frekuensi sampel, dan perilaku mixer audio. Class ini memungkinkan audio dikirim langsung, tanpa pencampuran, penyesuaian volume, atau efek pemrosesan.

Alat dan produktivitas developer

Credential Manager

Android 14 menambahkan Pengelola Kredensial sebagai API platform, dengan dukungan tambahan kembali ke perangkat Android 4.4 (API level 19) melalui Library Jetpack menggunakan layanan Google Play. Pengelola Kredensial bertujuan untuk mempermudah login bagi pengguna dengan API yang mengambil dan menyimpan kredensial dengan penyedia kredensial yang dikonfigurasi pengguna. Pengelola Kredensial mendukung beberapa metode login, termasuk nama pengguna dan sandi, kunci sandi, dan solusi login gabungan (seperti Login dengan Google) dalam satu API.

Kunci sandi memberikan banyak manfaat. Misalnya, kunci sandi dibuat berdasarkan standar industri, dapat berfungsi di berbagai sistem operasi dan ekosistem browser, serta dapat digunakan dengan situs dan aplikasi.

Untuk informasi selengkapnya, lihat dokumentasi Credential Manager dan kunci sandi serta postingan blog tentang Credential Manager dan kunci sandi.

Health Connect

Health Connect is an on-device repository for user health and fitness data. It allows users to share data between their favorite apps, with a single place to control what data they want to share with these apps.

On devices running Android versions prior to Android 14, Health Connect is available to download as an app on the Google Play store. Starting with Android 14, Health Connect is part of the platform and receives updates through Google Play system updates without requiring a separate download. With this, Health Connect can be updated frequently, and your apps can rely on Health Connect being available on devices running Android 14 or higher. Users can access Health Connect from the Settings in their device, with privacy controls integrated into the system settings.

Users can get started using Health Connect without a separate app download on devices running Android 14 or higher.
Users can control which apps have access to their health and fitness data through system settings.

Health Connect includes several new features in Android 14, such as exercise routes, allowing users to share a route of their workout which can be visualized on a map. A route is defined as a list of locations saved within a window of time, and your app can insert routes into exercise sessions, tying them together. To ensure that users have complete control over this sensitive data, users must allow sharing individual routes with other apps.

For more information, see the Health Connection documentation and the blogpost on What's new in Android Health.

Update OpenJDK 17

Android 14 melanjutkan pekerjaan memuat ulang library inti Android agar selaras dengan fitur dalam rilis OpenJDK LTS terbaru, termasuk update library dan dukungan bahasa Java 17 untuk developer aplikasi dan platform.

Fitur dan peningkatan berikut disertakan:

  • Mengupdate sekitar 300 class java.base ke dukungan Java 17.
  • Pemblokiran Teks, yang memperkenalkan literal string multibaris ke bahasa pemrograman Java.
  • Pencocokan Pola untuk instance, yang memungkinkan objek diperlakukan sebagai memiliki jenis tertentu dalam instanceof tanpa variabel tambahan.
  • Class tertutup, yang memungkinkan Anda membatasi class dan antarmuka yang dapat memperluas atau menerapkannya.

Berkat update sistem Google Play (Project Mainline), lebih dari 600 juta perangkat diaktifkan untuk menerima update Android Runtime (ART) terbaru yang menyertakan perubahan ini. Ini adalah bagian dari komitmen kami untuk memberi aplikasi lingkungan yang lebih konsisten dan aman di seluruh perangkat, serta memberikan fitur dan kemampuan baru kepada pengguna, terlepas dari rilis platform.

Java dan OpenJDK adalah merek dagang atau merek dagang terdaftar dari Oracle dan/atau afiliasinya.

Peningkatan untuk app store

Android 14 introduces several PackageInstaller APIs that allow app stores to improve their user experience.

Request install approval before downloading

Installing or updating an app might require user approval. For example, when an installer making use of the REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGES permission attempts to install a new app. In prior Android versions, app stores can only request user approval after APKs are written to the install session and the session is committed.

Starting with Android 14, the requestUserPreapproval() method lets installers request user approval before committing the install session. This improvement lets an app store defer downloading any APKs until after the installation has been approved by the user. Furthermore, once a user has approved installation, the app store can download and install the app in the background without interrupting the user.

Claim responsibility for future updates

The setRequestUpdateOwnership() method allows an installer to indicate to the system that it intends to be responsible for future updates to an app it is installing. This capability enables update ownership enforcement, meaning that only the update owner is permitted to install automatic updates to the app. Update ownership enforcement helps to ensure that users receive updates only from the expected app store.

Any other installer, including those making use of the INSTALL_PACKAGES permission, must receive explicit user approval in order to install an update. If a user decides to proceed with an update from another source, update ownership is lost.

Update apps at less-disruptive times

App stores typically want to avoid updating an app that is actively in use because this leads to the app's running processes being killed, which potentially interrupts what the user was doing.

Starting with Android 14, the InstallConstraints API gives installers a way to ensure that their app updates happen at an opportune moment. For example, an app store can call the commitSessionAfterInstallConstraintsAreMet() method to make sure that an update is only committed when the user is no longer interacting with the app in question.

Seamlessly install optional splits

With split APKs, features of an app can be delivered in separate APK files, rather than as a monolithic APK. Split APKs allow app stores to optimize the delivery of different app components. For example, app stores might optimize based on the properties of the target device. The PackageInstaller API has supported splits since its introduction in API level 22.

In Android 14, the setDontKillApp() method allows an installer to indicate that the app's running processes shouldn't be killed when new splits are installed. App stores can use this feature to seamlessly install new features of an app while the user is using the app.

Paket metadata aplikasi

Mulai Android 14, penginstal paket Android memungkinkan Anda menentukan metadata aplikasi, seperti praktik keamanan data, yang akan disertakan di halaman app store seperti Google Play.

Mendeteksi kapan pengguna mengambil screenshot perangkat

Untuk menciptakan pengalaman yang lebih standar dalam mendeteksi screenshot, Android 14 memperkenalkan API deteksi screenshot yang menjaga privasi. API ini memungkinkan aplikasi mendaftarkan callback per aktivitas. Callback ini dipanggil, dan pengguna akan diberi tahu saat pengguna mengambil screenshot ketika aktivitas itu terlihat.

Pengalaman pengguna

Tindakan kustom Sharesheet dan peringkat yang ditingkatkan

Android 14 updates the system sharesheet to support custom app actions and more informative preview results for users.

Add custom actions

With Android 14, your app can add custom actions to the system sharesheet it invokes.

Screenshot of custom actions on the sharesheet.

Improve ranking of Direct Share targets

Android 14 uses more signals from apps to determine the ranking of the direct share targets to provide more helpful results for the user. To provide the most useful signal for ranking, follow the guidance for improving rankings of your Direct Share targets. Communication apps can also report shortcut usage for outgoing and incoming messages.

Direct Share row in the sharesheet, as shown by 1

Dukungan untuk animasi bawaan dan kustom untuk Kembali Prediktif

Video: Predictive back animations

Android 13 introduced the predictive back-to-home animation behind a developer option. When used in a supported app with the developer option enabled, swiping back shows an animation indicating that the back gesture exits the app back to the home screen.

Android 14 includes multiple improvements and new guidance for Predictive Back:

With this Android 14 preview release, all features of Predictive Back remain behind a developer option. See the developer guide to migrate your app to predictive back, as well as the developer guide to creating custom in-app transitions.

Penggantian per aplikasi produsen perangkat layar besar

Penggantian per aplikasi memungkinkan produsen perangkat mengubah perilaku aplikasi di perangkat layar besar. Misalnya, penggantian FORCE_RESIZE_APP menginstruksikan sistem untuk mengubah ukuran aplikasi agar sesuai dengan dimensi tampilan (menghindari mode kompatibilitas ukuran) meskipun resizeableActivity="false" disetel dalam manifes aplikasi.

Ganti dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan pengalaman pengguna di perangkat layar besar.

Properti manifes baru memungkinkan Anda menonaktifkan beberapa penggantian produsen perangkat untuk aplikasi Anda.

Penggantian per aplikasi pengguna perangkat layar besar

Penggantian per aplikasi mengubah perilaku aplikasi di perangkat layar besar. Misalnya, penggantian produsen perangkat OVERRIDE_MIN_ASPECT_RATIO_LARGE menetapkan rasio aspek aplikasi ke 16:9, terlepas dari konfigurasi aplikasi.

Android 14 QPR1 memungkinkan pengguna menerapkan penggantian per aplikasi melalui menu setelan baru di perangkat layar besar.

Berbagi layar aplikasi

App screen sharing enables users to share an app window instead of the entire device screen during screen content recording.

With app screen sharing, the status bar, navigation bar, notifications, and other system UI elements are excluded from the shared display. Only the content of the selected app is shared.

App screen sharing improves productivity and privacy by enabling users to run multiple apps but limit content sharing to a single app.

Smart Reply yang didukung LLM di Gboard pada Pixel 8 Pro

Di perangkat Pixel 8 Pro dengan Feature Drop Desember, developer dapat mencoba smart reply berkualitas lebih tinggi di Gboard yang didukung oleh Model Bahasa Besar (LLM) di perangkat yang berjalan di Google Tensor.

Fitur ini tersedia sebagai pratinjau terbatas untuk bahasa Inggris Amerika Serikat di WhatsApp, Line, dan KakaoTalk. Fitur ini memerlukan penggunaan perangkat Pixel 8 Pro dengan Gboard sebagai keyboard Anda.

Untuk mencobanya, aktifkan fitur ini terlebih dahulu di Setelan > Opsi Developer > Setelan AICore > Aktifkan AIcore Persistent.

Selanjutnya, buka percakapan di aplikasi yang didukung untuk melihat Smart Reply yang didukung LLM di bilah saran Gboard sebagai respons terhadap pesan masuk.

Gboard menggunakan LLM di perangkat untuk memberikan balasan pintar berkualitas lebih tinggi.

Grafik

Jalur dapat dikueri dan diinterpolasi

Android's Path API is a powerful and flexible mechanism for creating and rendering vector graphics, with the ability to stroke or fill a path, construct a path from line segments or quadratic or cubic curves, perform boolean operations to get even more complex shapes, or all of these simultaneously. One limitation is the ability to find out what is actually in a Path object; the internals of the object are opaque to callers after creation.

To create a Path, you call methods such as moveTo(), lineTo(), and cubicTo() to add path segments. But there has been no way to ask that path what the segments are, so you must retain that information at creation time.

Starting in Android 14, you can query paths to find out what's inside of them. First, you need to get a PathIterator object using the Path.getPathIterator API:

Kotlin

val path = Path().apply {
    moveTo(1.0f, 1.0f)
    lineTo(2.0f, 2.0f)
    close()
}
val pathIterator = path.pathIterator

Java

Path path = new Path();
path.moveTo(1.0F, 1.0F);
path.lineTo(2.0F, 2.0F);
path.close();
PathIterator pathIterator = path.getPathIterator();

Next, you can call PathIterator to iterate through the segments one by one, retrieving all of the necessary data for each segment. This example uses PathIterator.Segment objects, which packages up the data for you:

Kotlin

for (segment in pathIterator) {
    println("segment: ${segment.verb}, ${segment.points}")
}

Java

while (pathIterator.hasNext()) {
    PathIterator.Segment segment = pathIterator.next();
    Log.i(LOG_TAG, "segment: " + segment.getVerb() + ", " + segment.getPoints());
}

PathIterator also has a non-allocating version of next() where you can pass in a buffer to hold the point data.

One of the important use cases of querying Path data is interpolation. For example, you might want to animate (or morph) between two different paths. To further simplify that use case, Android 14 also includes the interpolate() method on Path. Assuming the two paths have the same internal structure, the interpolate() method creates a new Path with that interpolated result. This example returns a path whose shape is halfway (a linear interpolation of .5) between path and otherPath:

Kotlin

val interpolatedResult = Path()
if (path.isInterpolatable(otherPath)) {
    path.interpolate(otherPath, .5f, interpolatedResult)
}

Java

Path interpolatedResult = new Path();
if (path.isInterpolatable(otherPath)) {
    path.interpolate(otherPath, 0.5F, interpolatedResult);
}

The Jetpack graphics-path library enables similar APIs for earlier versions of Android as well.

Mesh kustom dengan shader verteks dan fragmen

Android has long supported drawing triangle meshes with custom shading, but the input mesh format has been limited to a few predefined attribute combinations. Android 14 adds support for custom meshes, which can be defined as triangles or triangle strips, and can, optionally, be indexed. These meshes are specified with custom attributes, vertex strides, varying, and vertex and fragment shaders written in AGSL.

The vertex shader defines the varyings, such as position and color, while the fragment shader can optionally define the color for the pixel, typically by using the varyings created by the vertex shader. If color is provided by the fragment shader, it is then blended with the current Paint color using the blend mode selected when drawing the mesh. Uniforms can be passed into the fragment and vertex shaders for additional flexibility.

Perender buffer hardware untuk Canvas

Untuk membantu dalam penggunaan Canvas API Android untuk menggambar akselerasi hardware ke HardwareBuffer, Android 14 memperkenalkan HardwareBufferRenderer. API ini sangat berguna jika kasus penggunaan Anda melibatkan komunikasi dengan komponer sistem melalui SurfaceControl untuk gambar dengan latensi rendah.