동작 변경사항: Android 16 이상을 타겟팅하는 앱

이전 버전과 마찬가지로 Android 16에는 앱에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 동작 변경사항이 포함되어 있습니다. 다음 동작 변경사항은 Android 16 이상을 타겟팅하는 앱에만 적용됩니다. 앱이 Android 16 이상을 타겟팅하는 경우 이러한 동작을 지원하도록 앱을 수정해야 합니다(해당하는 경우).

앱의 targetSdkVersion과 관계없이 Android 16에서 실행되는 모든 앱에 영향을 미치는 동작 변경사항 목록도 검토해야 합니다.

사용자 경험 및 시스템 UI

Android 16 (API 수준 36)에는 더 일관되고 직관적인 사용자 환경을 만들기 위한 다음 변경사항이 포함되어 있습니다.

더 넓은 화면 선택 해제 지원 종료

Android 15 enforced edge-to-edge for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35), but your app could opt-out by setting R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement to true. For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is deprecated and disabled, and your app can't opt-out of going edge-to-edge.

• If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an Android 15 device, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement continues to work.
• If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an Android 16 device, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is disabled.

For testing in Android 16, ensure your app supports edge-to-edge and remove any use of R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement so that your app also supports edge-to-edge on an Android 15 device. To support edge-to-edge, see the Compose and Views guidance.

뒤로 탐색 예측을 위해 이전 또는 선택 해제 필요

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher and running on an Android 16 or higher device, the predictive back system animations (back-to-home, cross-task, and cross-activity) are enabled by default. Additionally, onBackPressed is not called and KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK is not dispatched anymore.

If your app intercepts the back event and you haven't migrated to predictive back yet, update your app to use supported back navigation APIs, or temporarily opt out by setting the android:enableOnBackInvokedCallback attribute to false in the <application> or <activity> tag of your app's AndroidManifest.xml file.

세련된 글꼴 API 지원 중단 및 사용 중지

Apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35) have the elegantTextHeight TextView attribute set to true by default, replacing the compact font with one that is much more readable. You could override this by setting the elegantTextHeight attribute to false.

Android 16 deprecates the elegantTextHeight attribute, and the attribute will be ignored once your app targets Android 16. The "UI fonts" controlled by these APIs are being discontinued, so you should adapt any layouts to ensure consistent and future proof text rendering in Arabic, Lao, Myanmar, Tamil, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Telugu or Thai.

핵심 기능

Android 16 (API 수준 36)에는 Android 시스템의 다양한 핵심 기능을 수정하거나 확장하는 다음과 같은 변경사항이 포함되어 있습니다.

고정 요금 작업 일정 최적화

Android 16을 타겟팅하기 전에는 scheduleAtFixedRate가 유효한 프로세스 수명 주기를 벗어나기 때문에 작업 실행을 놓쳤을 때 앱이 유효한 수명 주기로 돌아가면 누락된 실행이 모두 즉시 실행되었습니다.

Android 16을 타겟팅하는 경우 앱이 유효한 수명 주기로 돌아가면 누락된 scheduleAtFixedRate 실행이 최대 1회 즉시 실행됩니다. 이 동작 변경으로 앱 성능이 개선될 것으로 예상됩니다. 앱에서 이 동작을 테스트하여 앱이 영향을 받는지 확인합니다. 앱 호환성 프레임워크를 사용하고 STPE_SKIP_MULTIPLE_MISSED_PERIODIC_TASKS 호환성 플래그를 사용 설정하여 테스트할 수도 있습니다.

기기 폼 팩터

Android 16 (API 수준 36)에는 대형 화면 기기에 표시될 때 앱에 적용되는 다음과 같은 변경사항이 포함되어 있습니다.

적응형 레이아웃

With Android apps now running on a variety of devices (such as phones, tablets, foldables, desktops, cars, and TVs) and windowing modes on large screens (such as split screen and desktop windowing), developers should build Android apps that adapt to any screen and window size, regardless of device orientation. Paradigms like restricting orientation and resizability are too restrictive in today's multidevice world.

Ignore orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), Android 16 includes changes to how the system manages orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions. On displays with smallest width >= 600dp, the restrictions no longer apply. Apps also fill the entire display window, regardless of aspect ratio or a user's preferred orientation, and pillarboxing isn't used.

This change introduces a new standard platform behavior. Android is moving toward a model where apps are expected to adapt to various orientations, display sizes, and aspect ratios. Restrictions like fixed orientation or limited resizability hinder app adaptability, so we recommend making your app adaptive to deliver the best possible user experience.

You can also test this behavior by using the app compatibility framework and enabling the UNIVERSAL_RESIZABLE_BY_DEFAULT compat flag.

Common breaking changes

Ignoring orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions might impact your app's UI on some devices, especially elements that were designed for small layouts locked in portrait orientation: for example, issues like stretched layouts and off-screen animations and components. Any assumptions about aspect ratio or orientation can cause visual issues with your app. Learn more about how to avoid them and improve your app's adaptive behaviour.

Allowing device rotation results in more activity re-creation, which can result in losing user state if not properly preserved. Learn how to correctly save UI state in Save UI states.

Implementation details

The following manifest attributes and runtime APIs are ignored across large screen devices in full-screen and multi-window modes:

• screenOrientation
• resizableActivity
• minAspectRatio
• maxAspectRatio
• setRequestedOrientation()
• getRequestedOrientation()

The following values for screenOrientation, setRequestedOrientation(), and getRequestedOrientation() are ignored:

• portrait
• reversePortrait
• sensorPortrait
• userPortrait
• landscape
• reverseLandscape
• sensorLandscape
• userLandscape

Regarding display resizability, android:resizeableActivity="false", android:minAspectRatio, and android:maxAspectRatio have no effect.

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), app orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio constraints are ignored on large screens by default, but every app that isn't fully ready can temporarily override this behavior by opting out (which results in the previous behavior of being placed in compatibility mode).

Exceptions

The Android 16 orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions don't apply in the following situations:

• Games (based on the android:appCategory flag)
• Users explicitly opting in to the app's default behavior in aspect ratio settings of the device
• Screens that are smaller than sw600dp

Opt out temporarily

To opt out a specific activity, declare the PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY manifest property:

<activity ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
  ...
</activity>

If too many parts of your app aren't ready for Android 16, you can opt out completely by applying the same property at the application level:

<application ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
</application>

건강 및 피트니스

Android 16 (API 수준 36)에는 건강 및 피트니스 데이터와 관련된 다음과 같은 변경사항이 포함되어 있습니다.

건강 및 피트니스 권한

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher, BODY_SENSORS permissions use more granular permissions under android.permissions.health, which Health Connect also uses. As of Android 16, any API previously requiring BODY_SENSORS or BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND requires the corresponding android.permissions.health permission instead. This affects the following data types, APIs, and foreground service types:

• HEART_RATE_BPM from Health Services on Wear OS
• Sensor.TYPE_HEART_RATE from Android Sensor Manager
• heartRateAccuracy and heartRateBpm from ProtoLayout on Wear OS
• FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH where the respective android.permission.health permission is needed in place of BODY_SENSORS

If your app uses these APIs, it should request the respective granular permissions:

• For while-in-use monitoring of Heart Rate, SpO2, or Skin Temperature: request the granular permission under android.permissions.health, such as READ_HEART_RATE instead of BODY_SENSORS.
• For background sensor access: request READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND instead of BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND.

These permissions are the same as those that guard access to reading data from Health Connect, the Android datastore for health, fitness, and wellness data.

Mobile apps

Mobile apps migrating to use the READ_HEART_RATE and other granular permissions must also declare an activity to display the app's privacy policy. This is the same requirement as Health Connect.

연결

Android 16 (API 수준 36)에는 주변기기와의 연결을 개선하기 위해 블루투스 스택에 다음과 같은 변경사항이 포함되어 있습니다.

연결 해제 및 암호화 변경을 처리하는 새로운 인텐트

As part of the Improved bond loss handling, Android 16 also introduces 2 new intents to provide apps with greater awareness of bond loss and encryption changes.

Apps targeting Android 16 can now:

• Receive an ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent when remote bond loss is detected, allowing them to provide more informative user feedback and take appropriate actions.
• Receive an ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent whenever encryption status of the link changes. This includes encryption status change, encryption algorithm change, and encryption key size change. Apps must consider the bond restored if the link is successfully encrypted upon receiving ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent later.

Adapting to varying OEM implementations

While Android 16 introduces these new intents, their implementation and broadcasting can vary across different device manufacturers (OEMs). To ensure your app provides a consistent and reliable experience across all devices, developers should design their bond loss handling to gracefully adapt to these potential variations.

We recommend the following app behaviors:

• If the ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is broadcast:

  The ACL (Asynchronous Connection-Less) link will be disconnected by the system, but the bond information for the device will be retained (as described here).

  Your app should use this intent as the primary signal for bond loss detection and guiding the user to confirm the remote device is in range before initiating device forgetting or re-pairing.

  If a device disconnects after ACTION_KEY_MISSING is received, your app should be cautious about reconnecting, as the device may no longer be bonded with the system.

• If the ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is NOT broadcast:

  The ACL link will remain connected, and the bond information for the device will be removed by the system, same to behavior in Android 15.

  In this scenario, your app should continue its existing bond loss handling mechanisms as in previous Android releases, to detect and manage bond loss events.

블루투스 결합을 삭제하는 새로운 방법

All apps targeting Android 16 are now able to unpair bluetooth devices using a public API in CompanionDeviceManager. If a companion device is being managed as a CDM association, then the app can trigger bluetooth bond removal by using the new removeBond(int) API on the associated device. The app can monitor the bond state changes by listening to the bluetooth device broadcast event ACTION_BOND_STATE_CHANGED.

보안

Android 16 (API 수준 36)에는 다음과 같은 보안 변경사항이 포함되어 있습니다.

MediaStore 버전 잠금

For apps targeting Android 16 or higher, MediaStore#getVersion() will now be unique to each app. This eliminates identifying properties from the version string to prevent abuse and usage for fingerprinting techniques. Apps shouldn't make any assumptions around the format of this version. Apps should already handle version changes when using this API and in most cases shouldn't need to change their current behavior, unless the developer has attempted to infer additional information that is beyond the intended scope of this API.

더 안전한 인텐트

The Safer Intents feature is a multi-phase security initiative designed to improve the security of Android's intent resolution mechanism. The goal is to protect apps from malicious actions by adding checks during intent processing and filtering intents that don't meet specific criteria.

In Android 15 the feature focused on the sending app, now with Android 16, shifts control to the receiving app, allowing developers to opt-in to strict intent resolution using their app manifest.

Two key changes are being implemented:

1. Explicit Intents Must Match the Target Component's Intent Filter: If an intent explicitly targets a component, it should match that component's intent filter.

2. Intents Without an Action Cannot Match any Intent Filter: Intents that don't have an action specified shouldn't be resolved to any intent filter.

These changes only apply when multiple apps are involved and don't affect intent handling within a single app.

Impact

The opt-in nature means that developers must explicitly enable it in their app manifest for it to take effect. As a result, the feature's impact will be limited to apps whose developers:

• Are aware of the Safer Intents feature and its benefits.
• Actively choose to incorporate stricter intent handling practices into their apps.

This opt-in approach minimizes the risk of breaking existing apps that may rely on the current less-secure intent resolution behavior.

While the initial impact in Android 16 may be limited, the Safer Intents initiative has a roadmap for broader impact in future Android releases. The plan is to eventually make strict intent resolution the default behavior.

The Safer Intents feature has the potential to significantly enhance the security of the Android ecosystem by making it more difficult for malicious apps to exploit vulnerabilities in the intent resolution mechanism.

However, the transition to opt-out and mandatory enforcement must be carefully managed to address potential compatibility issues with existing apps.

Implementation

Developers need to explicitly enable stricter intent matching using the intentMatchingFlags attribute in their app manifest. Here is an example where the feature is opt-in for the entire app, but disabled/opt-out on a receiver:

<application android:intentMatchingFlags="enforceIntentFilter">
    <receiver android:name=".MyBroadcastReceiver" android:exported="true" android:intentMatchingFlags="none">
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_ANOTHER_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
    </receiver>
</application>

More on the supported flags:

Testing and Debugging

When the enforcement is active, apps should function correctly if the intent caller has properly populated the intent. However, blocked intents will trigger warning log messages like "Intent does not match component's intent filter:" and "Access blocked:" with the tag "PackageManager." This indicates a potential issue that could impact the app and requires attention.

Logcat filter:

tag=:PackageManager & (message:"Intent does not match component's intent filter:" | message: "Access blocked:")

GPU syscall 필터링

Mali GPU 노출 영역을 강화하기 위해 지원 중단되었거나 GPU 개발 전용인 Mali GPU IOCTL이 프로덕션 빌드에서 차단되었습니다. 또한 GPU 프로파일링에 사용되는 IOCTL이 셸 프로세스나 디버깅 가능한 애플리케이션으로 제한되었습니다. 플랫폼 수준 정책에 관한 자세한 내용은 SAC 업데이트를 참고하세요.

이 변경사항은 Mali GPU를 사용하는 Pixel 기기 (Pixel 6~9)에서 발생합니다. Arm은 r54p2 출시의 Documentation/ioctl-categories.rst에 IOCTL의 공식 분류를 제공했습니다. 이 목록은 향후 드라이버 출시에서도 계속 유지됩니다.

이 변경사항은 지원되는 그래픽 API (Vulkan 및 OpenGL 포함)에 영향을 미치지 않으며 개발자나 기존 애플리케이션에도 영향을 미치지 않을 것으로 예상됩니다. Streamline Performance Analyzer 및 Android GPU 검사기와 같은 GPU 프로파일링 도구는 영향을 받지 않습니다.

테스트

다음과 유사한 SELinux 거부가 표시되면 이 변경사항이 애플리케이션에 영향을 미쳤을 가능성이 높습니다.

06-30 10:47:18.617 20360 20360 W roidJUnitRunner: type=1400 audit(0.0:85): avc:  denied  { ioctl }
for  path="/dev/mali0" dev="tmpfs" ino=1188 ioctlcmd=0x8023
scontext=u:r:untrusted_app_25:s0:c512,c768 tcontext=u:object_r:gpu_device:s0 tclass=chr_file
permissive=0 app=com.google.android.selinux.pts

애플리케이션에서 차단된 IOCTL을 사용해야 하는 경우 버그를 신고하고 android-partner-security@google.com에 할당하세요.

FAQ

1. 이 정책 변경사항이 모든 OEM에 적용되나요? 이 변경사항은 선택사항이지만 이 강화 방법을 사용하려는 OEM은 사용할 수 있습니다. 변경사항 구현에 관한 안내는 구현 문서를 참고하세요.

2. 이를 구현하기 위해 OEM 코드베이스를 변경해야 하나요? 아니면 기본적으로 새로운 AOSP 출시와 함께 제공되나요? 플랫폼 수준 변경사항은 기본적으로 새로운 AOSP 출시와 함께 제공됩니다. 공급업체는 이 변경사항을 적용하려는 경우 코드베이스에서 선택할 수 있습니다.

3. SoC가 IOCTL 목록을 최신 상태로 유지해야 하나요? 예를 들어 내 기기에서 ARM Mali GPU를 사용하는 경우 변경사항에 대해 ARM에 문의해야 하나요? 개별 SoC는 드라이버 출시 시 기기별로 IOCTL 목록을 업데이트해야 합니다. 예를 들어 ARM은 드라이버 업데이트 시 게시된 IOCTL 목록을 업데이트합니다. 하지만 OEM은 SEPolicy에 업데이트를 통합하고 필요에 따라 선택한 맞춤 IOCTL을 목록에 추가해야 합니다.

4. 이 변경사항은 판매 중인 모든 Pixel 기기에 자동으로 적용되나요? 아니면 이 변경사항을 적용하려면 사용자가 설정을 전환해야 하나요? 이 변경사항은 Mali GPU를 사용하는 모든 Pixel 시장 내 기기(Pixel 6~9)에 적용됩니다. 이번 변경사항을 적용하기 위해 사용자가 별도로 취해야 할 조치는 없습니다.

5. 이 정책을 사용하면 커널 드라이버의 성능에 영향을 미치나요? 이 정책은 GFXBench를 사용하여 Mali GPU에서 테스트되었으며 GPU 성능에 측정 가능한 변화가 관찰되지 않았습니다.

6. IOCTL 목록이 현재 사용자 공간 및 커널 드라이버 버전과 일치해야 하나요? 예, 허용된 IOCTL 목록은 사용자 공간과 커널 드라이버 모두에서 지원하는 IOCTL과 동기화되어야 합니다. 사용자 공간이나 커널 드라이버의 IOCTL이 업데이트되면 SEPolicy IOCTL 목록을 업데이트하여 일치시켜야 합니다.

7. ARM은 IOCTL을 '제한됨'/ '계측'으로 분류했지만 프로덕션 사용 사례에서 일부를 사용하거나 다른 일부를 거부하고 싶습니다. 개별 OEM/SoC는 사용자 공간 Mali 라이브러리 구성에 따라 사용하는 IOCTL을 분류하는 방법을 결정해야 합니다. ARM 목록을 사용하여 이를 결정할 수 있지만 각 OEM/SoC의 사용 사례는 다를 수 있습니다.

개인 정보 보호

Android 16 (API 수준 36)에는 다음과 같은 개인 정보 보호 변경사항이 포함되어 있습니다.

로컬 네트워크 권한

Devices on the LAN can be accessed by any app that has the INTERNET permission. This makes it easy for apps to connect to local devices but it also has privacy implications such as forming a fingerprint of the user, and being a proxy for location.

The Local Network Protections project aims to protect the user's privacy by gating access to the local network behind a new runtime permission.

Release plan

This change will be deployed between two releases, 25Q2 and 26Q2 respectively. It is imperative that developers follow this guidance for 25Q2 and share feedback because these protections will be enforced at a later Android release. Moreover, they will need to update scenarios which depend on implicit local network access by using the following guidance and prepare for user rejection and revocation of the new permission.

Impact

At the current stage, LNP is an opt-in feature which means only the apps that opt in will be affected. The goal of the opt-in phase is for app developers to understand which parts of their app depend on implicit local network access such that they can prepare to permission guard them for the next release.

Apps will be affected if they access the user's local network using:

• Direct or library use of raw sockets on local network addresses (e.g. mDNS or SSDP service discovery protocol)
• Use of framework level classes that access the local network (e.g. NsdManager)

Traffic to and from a local network address requires local network access permission. The following table lists some common cases:

These restrictions are implemented deep in the networking stack, and thus they apply to all networking APIs. This includes sockets created in native or managed code, networking libraries like Cronet and OkHttp, and any APIs implemented on top of those. Trying to resolve services on the local network (i.e. those with a .local suffix) will require local network permission.

Exceptions to the rules above:

• If a device's DNS server is on a local network, traffic to or from it (at port 53) doesn't require local network access permission.
• Applications using Output Switcher as their in-app picker won't need local network permissions (more guidance to come in 2025Q4).

Developer Guidance (Opt-in)

To opt into local network restrictions, do the following:

1. Flash the device to a build with 25Q2 Beta 3 or later.
2. Install the app to be tested.

3. Toggle the Appcompat flag in adb:

   adb shell am compat enable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>
   

4. Reboot The device

Now your app's access to the local network is restricted and any attempt to access the local network will lead to socket errors. If you are using APIs that perform local network operations outside of your app process (ex: NsdManager), they won't be impacted during the opt-in phase.

To restore access, you must grant your app permission to NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES.

1. Ensure the app declares the NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES permission in its manifest.
2. Go to Settings > Apps > [Application Name] > Permissions > Nearby devices > Allow.

Now your app's access to the local network should be restored and all your scenarios should work as they did prior to opting the app in.

Once enforcement for local network protection begins, here is how the app network traffic will be impacted.

Use the following command to toggle-off the App-Compat flag

adb shell am compat disable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>

Errors

Errors arising from these restrictions will be returned to the calling socket whenever it invokes send or a send variant to a local network address.

Example errors:

sendto failed: EPERM (Operation not permitted)

sendto failed: ECONNABORTED (Operation not permitted)

Local Network Definition

A local network in this project refers to an IP network that utilizes a broadcast-capable network interface, such as Wi-Fi or Ethernet, but excludes cellular (WWAN) or VPN connections.

The following are considered local networks:

IPv4:

• 169.254.0.0/16 // Link Local
• 100.64.0.0/10 // CGNAT
• 10.0.0.0/8 // RFC1918
• 172.16.0.0/12 // RFC1918
• 192.168.0.0/16 // RFC1918

IPv6:

• Link-local
• Directly-connected routes
• Stub networks like Thread
• Multiple-subnets (TBD)

Additionally, both multicast addresses (224.0.0.0/4, ff00::/8) and the IPv4 broadcast address (255.255.255.255) are classified as local network addresses.

앱 소유 사진

When prompted for photo and video permissions by an app targeting SDK 36 or higher on devices running Android 16 or higher, users who choose to limit access to selected media will see any photos owned by the app pre-selected in the photo picker. Users can deselect any of these pre-selected items, which will revoke the app's access to those photos and videos.