Perubahan perilaku: Aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 14 atau yang lebih tinggi

Seperti rilis sebelumnya, Android 14 menyertakan perubahan perilaku yang mungkin memengaruhi aplikasi Anda. Perubahan perilaku berikut ini berlaku khusus bagi aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 14 (level API 34) atau yang lebih tinggi. Jika aplikasi Anda menargetkan Android 14 atau yang lebih tinggi, Anda harus memodifikasi aplikasi untuk mendukung perilaku ini dengan benar, jika berlaku.

Pastikan Anda juga meninjau daftar perubahan perilaku yang memengaruhi semua aplikasi yang berjalan di Android 14, terlepas dari targetSdkVersion aplikasi.

Fungsi inti

Jenis layanan latar depan wajib diisi

If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, it must specify at least one foreground service type for each foreground service within your app. You should choose a foreground service type that represents your app's use case. The system expects foreground services that have a particular type to satisfy a particular use case.

If a use case in your app isn't associated with any of these types, it's strongly recommended that you migrate your logic to use WorkManager or user-initiated data transfer jobs.

Penerapan izin BLUETOOTH_CONNECT di BluetoothAdapter

Android 14 enforces the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission when calling the BluetoothAdapter getProfileConnectionState() method for apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher.

This method already required the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission, but it was not enforced. Make sure your app declares BLUETOOTH_CONNECT in your app's AndroidManifest.xml file as shown in the following snippet and check that a user has granted the permission before calling getProfileConnectionState.

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_CONNECT" />

Update OpenJDK 17

Android 14 continues the work of refreshing Android's core libraries to align with the features in the latest OpenJDK LTS releases, including both library updates and Java 17 language support for app and platform developers.

A few of these changes can affect app compatibility:

  • Changes to regular expressions: Invalid group references are now disallowed to more closely follow the semantics of OpenJDK. You might see new cases where an IllegalArgumentException is thrown by the java.util.regex.Matcher class, so make sure to test your app for areas that use regular expressions. To enable or disable this change while testing, toggle the DISALLOW_INVALID_GROUP_REFERENCE flag using the compatibility framework tools.
  • UUID handling: The java.util.UUID.fromString() method now does more strict checks when validating the input argument, so you might see an IllegalArgumentException during deserialization. To enable or disable this change while testing, toggle the ENABLE_STRICT_VALIDATION flag using the compatibility framework tools.
  • ProGuard issues: In some cases, the addition of the java.lang.ClassValue class causes an issue if you try to shrink, obfuscate, and optimize your app using ProGuard. The problem originates with a Kotlin library that changes runtime behaviour based on whether Class.forName("java.lang.ClassValue") returns a class or not. If your app was developed against an older version of the runtime without the java.lang.ClassValue class available, then these optimizations might remove the computeValue method from classes derived from java.lang.ClassValue.

JobScheduler memperkuat perilaku callback dan jaringan

Sejak diperkenalkan, JobScheduler mengharapkan aplikasi Anda untuk kembali dari onStartJob atau onStopJob dalam beberapa detik. Sebelum Android 14, jika tugas berjalan terlalu lama, tugas akan dihentikan dan gagal secara diam-diam. Jika aplikasi Anda menargetkan Android 14 (API level 34) atau yang lebih tinggi dan melampaui waktu yang diberikan di thread utama, aplikasi akan memicu ANR dengan pesan error "Tidak ada respons untuk onStartJob" atau "Tidak ada respons untuk onStopJob".

ANR ini mungkin disebabkan oleh 2 skenario: Akun Layanan 1. Ada pekerjaan yang memblokir thread utama, mencegah callback onStartJob atau onStopJob agar tidak dieksekusi dan diselesaikan dalam batas waktu yang diharapkan. 2. Developer menjalankan pekerjaan pemblokiran dalam callback JobScheduler onStartJob atau onStopJob, sehingga callback tidak selesai dalam batas waktu yang diharapkan.

Untuk mengatasi #1, Anda harus men-debug lebih lanjut apa yang memblokir thread utama ketika ANR terjadi, Anda dapat melakukannya menggunakan ApplicationExitInfo#getTraceInputStream() untuk mendapatkan batu nisan pelacakan saat ANR terjadi. Jika Anda dapat mereproduksi ANR secara manual, Anda dapat merekam pelacakan sistem dan memeriksa pelacakan menggunakan Android Studio atau Perfetto untuk lebih memahami apa yang sedang berjalan di thread utama saat ANR terjadi. Perhatikan bahwa hal ini dapat terjadi saat menggunakan JobScheduler API secara langsung atau menggunakan WorkManager library androidx.

Untuk mengatasi #2, pertimbangkan untuk bermigrasi ke WorkManager, yang menyediakan dukungan untuk menggabungkan pemrosesan apa pun di onStartJob atau onStopJob atau dalam thread asinkron.

JobScheduler juga memperkenalkan persyaratan untuk mendeklarasikan Izin ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE jika menggunakan setRequiredNetworkType atau Batasan setRequiredNetwork. Jika aplikasi Anda tidak mendeklarasikan Izin ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE saat menjadwalkan tugas dan menargetkan Android 14 atau yang lebih baru, hal ini akan menghasilkan SecurityException.

API peluncuran kartu

For apps targeting 14 and higher, TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(Intent) is deprecated and now throws an exception when called. If your app launches activities from tiles, use TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(PendingIntent) instead.

Privasi

Akses sebagian ke foto dan video

Android 14 memperkenalkan Akses Foto yang Dipilih, yang memungkinkan pengguna memberikan akses ke gambar dan video tertentu di galeri mereka, bukan memberikan akses ke semua media dari jenis tertentu.

Perubahan ini hanya diaktifkan jika aplikasi Anda menargetkan Android 14 (API level 34) atau yang lebih tinggi. Jika Anda belum menggunakan pemilih foto, sebaiknya terapkan di aplikasi Anda untuk memberikan pengalaman yang konsisten dalam memilih gambar dan video yang juga meningkatkan privasi pengguna tanpa harus meminta izin penyimpanan apa pun.

Jika Anda mengelola pemilih galeri Anda sendiri menggunakan izin penyimpanan dan perlu mempertahankan kontrol penuh atas implementasi Anda, sesuaikan implementasi Anda untuk menggunakan izin READ_MEDIA_VISUAL_USER_SELECTED baru. Jika aplikasi Anda tidak menggunakan izin baru, sistem akan menjalankan aplikasi Anda dalam mode kompatibilitas.

Pengalaman pengguna

Notifikasi Intent layar penuh yang aman

With Android 11 (API level 30), it was possible for any app to use Notification.Builder.setFullScreenIntent to send full-screen intents while the phone is locked. You could auto-grant this on app install by declaring USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT permission in the AndroidManifest.

Full-screen intent notifications are designed for extremely high-priority notifications demanding the user's immediate attention, such as an incoming phone call or alarm clock settings configured by the user. For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, apps that are allowed to use this permission are limited to those that provide calling and alarms only. The Google Play Store revokes default USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT permissions for any apps that don't fit this profile. The deadline for these policy changes is May 31, 2024.

This permission remains enabled for apps installed on the phone before the user updates to Android 14. Users can turn this permission on and off.

You can use the new API NotificationManager.canUseFullScreenIntent to check if your app has the permission; if not, your app can use the new intent ACTION_MANAGE_APP_USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT to launch the settings page where users can grant the permission.

Keamanan

Pembatasan ke intent yang implisit dan tertunda

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, Android restricts apps from sending implicit intents to internal app components in the following ways:

  • Implicit intents are only delivered to exported components. Apps must either use an explicit intent to deliver to unexported components, or mark the component as exported.
  • If an app creates a mutable pending intent with an intent that doesn't specify a component or package, the system throws an exception.

These changes prevent malicious apps from intercepting implicit intents that are intended for use by an app's internal components.

For example, here is an intent filter that could be declared in your app's manifest file:

<activity
    android:name=".AppActivity"
    android:exported="false">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="com.example.action.APP_ACTION" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
    </intent-filter>
</activity>

If your app tried to launch this activity using an implicit intent, an ActivityNotFoundException exception would be thrown:

Kotlin

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"))

Java

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"));

To launch the non-exported activity, your app should use an explicit intent instead:

Kotlin

// This makes the intent explicit.
val explicitIntent =
        Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.apply {
    package = context.packageName
}
context.startActivity(explicitIntent)

Java

// This makes the intent explicit.
Intent explicitIntent =
        new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.setPackage(context.getPackageName());
context.startActivity(explicitIntent);

Penerima siaran yang terdaftar runtime harus menentukan perilaku ekspor

Apps and services that target Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and use context-registered receivers are required to specify a flag to indicate whether or not the receiver should be exported to all other apps on the device: either RECEIVER_EXPORTED or RECEIVER_NOT_EXPORTED, respectively. This requirement helps protect apps from security vulnerabilities by leveraging the features for these receivers introduced in Android 13.

Exception for receivers that receive only system broadcasts

If your app is registering a receiver only for system broadcasts through Context#registerReceiver methods, such as Context#registerReceiver(), then it shouldn't specify a flag when registering the receiver.

Pemuatan kode dinamis yang lebih aman

If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and uses Dynamic Code Loading (DCL), all dynamically-loaded files must be marked as read-only. Otherwise, the system throws an exception. We recommend that apps avoid dynamically loading code whenever possible, as doing so greatly increases the risk that an app can be compromised by code injection or code tampering.

If you must dynamically load code, use the following approach to set the dynamically-loaded file (such as a DEX, JAR, or APK file) as read-only as soon as the file is opened and before any content is written:

Kotlin

val jar = File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar")
val os = FileOutputStream(jar)
os.use {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly()
    // Then write the actual file content
}
val cl = PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader)

Java

File jar = new File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar");
try (FileOutputStream os = new FileOutputStream(jar)) {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly();
    // Then write the actual file content
} catch (IOException e) { ... }
PathClassLoader cl = new PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader);

Handle dynamically-loaded files that already exist

To prevent exceptions from being thrown for existing dynamically-loaded files, we recommend deleting and recreating the files before you try to dynamically load them again in your app. As you recreate the files, follow the preceding guidance for marking the files read-only at write time. Alternatively, you can re-label the existing files as read-only, but in this case, we strongly recommend that you verify the integrity of the files first (for example, by checking the file's signature against a trusted value), to help protect your app from malicious actions.

Batasan tambahan dalam memulai aktivitas dari latar belakang

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, the system further restricts when apps are allowed to start activities from the background:

These changes expand the existing set of restrictions to protect users by preventing malicious apps from abusing APIs to start disruptive activities from the background.

Zip path traversal

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, Android prevents the Zip Path Traversal Vulnerability in the following way: ZipFile(String) and ZipInputStream.getNextEntry() throws a ZipException if zip file entry names contain ".." or start with "/".

Apps can opt-out from this validation by calling dalvik.system.ZipPathValidator.clearCallback().

Untuk aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 14 (API level 34) atau yang lebih tinggi, SecurityException akan ditampilkan oleh MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay dalam salah satu skenario berikut:

Aplikasi Anda harus meminta pengguna untuk memberikan izin sebelum setiap sesi pengambilan. Satu sesi pengambilan adalah satu pemanggilan di MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay, dan setiap instance MediaProjection hanya boleh digunakan satu kali.

Menangani perubahan konfigurasi

Jika aplikasi Anda perlu memanggil MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay untuk menangani perubahan konfigurasi (seperti perubahan orientasi layar atau ukuran layar), Anda dapat mengikuti langkah-langkah berikut untuk mengupdate VirtualDisplay untuk instance MediaProjection yang ada:

  1. Panggil VirtualDisplay#resize dengan lebar dan tinggi baru.
  2. Berikan Surface baru dengan lebar dan tinggi baru ke VirtualDisplay#setSurface.

Mendaftarkan callback

Aplikasi Anda harus mendaftarkan callback untuk menangani kasus saat pengguna tidak memberikan izin untuk melanjutkan sesi pengambilan. Untuk melakukannya, terapkan Callback#onStop dan minta aplikasi Anda merilis resource terkait (seperti VirtualDisplay dan Surface).

Jika aplikasi Anda tidak mendaftarkan callback ini, MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay akan menampilkan IllegalStateException saat aplikasi Anda memanggilnya.

Pembatasan non-SDK yang diperbarui

Android 14 includes updated lists of restricted non-SDK interfaces based on collaboration with Android developers and the latest internal testing. Whenever possible, we make sure that public alternatives are available before we restrict non-SDK interfaces.

If your app does not target Android 14, some of these changes might not immediately affect you. However, while you can currently use some non-SDK interfaces (depending on your app's target API level), using any non-SDK method or field always carries a high risk of breaking your app.

If you are unsure if your app uses non-SDK interfaces, you can test your app to find out. If your app relies on non-SDK interfaces, you should begin planning a migration to SDK alternatives. Nevertheless, we understand that some apps have valid use cases for using non-SDK interfaces. If you cannot find an alternative to using a non-SDK interface for a feature in your app, you should request a new public API.

To learn more about the changes in this release of Android, see Updates to non-SDK interface restrictions in Android 14. To learn more about non-SDK interfaces generally, see Restrictions on non-SDK interfaces.