行為變更：指定 Android 14 以上版本的應用程式

和先前版本一樣，Android 14 也包含可能會影響應用程式的行為變更。以下行為變更僅適用於指定 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本的應用程式。如果您的應用程式指定 Android 14 以上版本，建議您視情況修改應用程式，以支援這些行為。

此外，無論應用程式的 targetSdkVersion 為何，請務必查看影響所有在 Android 14 上執行的應用程式行為變更清單。

核心功能

必須提供前景服務類型

If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, it must specify at least one foreground service type for each foreground service within your app. You should choose a foreground service type that represents your app's use case. The system expects foreground services that have a particular type to satisfy a particular use case.

If a use case in your app isn't associated with any of these types, it's strongly recommended that you migrate your logic to use WorkManager or user-initiated data transfer jobs.

在 BluetoothAdapter 中強制執行 BLUETOOTH_CONNECT 權限

Android 14 enforces the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission when calling the BluetoothAdapter getProfileConnectionState() method for apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher.

This method already required the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission, but it was not enforced. Make sure your app declares BLUETOOTH_CONNECT in your app's AndroidManifest.xml file as shown in the following snippet and check that a user has granted the permission before calling getProfileConnectionState.

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_CONNECT" />

OpenJDK 17 更新

Android 14 continues the work of refreshing Android's core libraries to align with the features in the latest OpenJDK LTS releases, including both library updates and Java 17 language support for app and platform developers.

A few of these changes can affect app compatibility:

  • Changes to regular expressions: Invalid group references are now disallowed to more closely follow the semantics of OpenJDK. You might see new cases where an IllegalArgumentException is thrown by the java.util.regex.Matcher class, so make sure to test your app for areas that use regular expressions. To enable or disable this change while testing, toggle the DISALLOW_INVALID_GROUP_REFERENCE flag using the compatibility framework tools.
  • UUID handling: The java.util.UUID.fromString() method now does more strict checks when validating the input argument, so you might see an IllegalArgumentException during deserialization. To enable or disable this change while testing, toggle the ENABLE_STRICT_VALIDATION flag using the compatibility framework tools.
  • ProGuard issues: In some cases, the addition of the java.lang.ClassValue class causes an issue if you try to shrink, obfuscate, and optimize your app using ProGuard. The problem originates with a Kotlin library that changes runtime behaviour based on whether Class.forName("java.lang.ClassValue") returns a class or not. If your app was developed against an older version of the runtime without the java.lang.ClassValue class available, then these optimizations might remove the computeValue method from classes derived from java.lang.ClassValue.

JobScheduler 強化回呼和網路行為

Since its introduction, JobScheduler expects your app to return from onStartJob or onStopJob within a few seconds. Prior to Android 14, if a job runs too long, the job is stopped and fails silently. If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and exceeds the granted time on the main thread, the app triggers an ANR with the error message "No response to onStartJob" or "No response to onStopJob".

This ANR may be a result of 2 scenarios: 1. There is work blocking the main thread, preventing the callbacks onStartJob or onStopJob from executing and completing within the expected time limit. 2. The developer is running blocking work within the JobScheduler callback onStartJob or onStopJob, preventing the callback from completing within the expected time limit.

To address #1, you will need to further debug what is blocking the main thread when the ANR occurs, you can do this using ApplicationExitInfo#getTraceInputStream() to get the tombstone trace when the ANR occurs. If you're able to manually reproduce the ANR, you can record a system trace and inspect the trace using either Android Studio or Perfetto to better understand what is running on the main thread when the ANR occurs. Note that this can happen when using JobScheduler API directly or using the androidx library WorkManager.

To address #2, consider migrating to WorkManager, which provides support for wrapping any processing in onStartJob or onStopJob in an asynchronous thread.

JobScheduler also introduces a requirement to declare the ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission if using setRequiredNetworkType or setRequiredNetwork constraint. If your app does not declare the ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission when scheduling the job and is targeting Android 14 or higher, it will result in a SecurityException.

圖塊啟動 API

For apps targeting 14 and higher, TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(Intent) is deprecated and now throws an exception when called. If your app launches activities from tiles, use TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(PendingIntent) instead.

隱私權

相片和影片的部分存取權

Android 14 推出「Selected Photos Access」功能，讓使用者可授予應用程式存取媒體庫中特定圖片和影片的權限，而非授予特定類型的所有媒體存取權。

只有在應用程式指定 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本為目標版本時，才能啟用這項異動。如果您尚未使用相片挑選工具，建議您在應用程式中導入這項工具，以便提供一致的圖片和影片選取體驗，同時提升使用者隱私權，且無須要求任何儲存空間權限。

如果您使用儲存空間權限維護自己的相片庫挑選器，且需要完全掌控實作方式，請調整實作方式，以便使用新的 READ_MEDIA_VISUAL_USER_SELECTED 權限。如果應用程式未使用新權限，系統會以相容模式執行應用程式。

使用者體驗

安全的全螢幕意圖通知

在 Android 11 (API 級別 30) 版本中，任何應用程式可在手機鎖定時使用 Notification.Builder.setFullScreenIntent 傳送全螢幕意圖。您可以在 AndroidManifest 中宣告 USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT 權限，以便在安裝應用程式時自動授予這項權限。

全螢幕意圖通知是專為需要使用者立即處理的高度優先通知設計，例如：來電或使用者設定的鬧鐘。針對指定 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本為目標版本的應用程式，只有提供通話和鬧鐘功能的應用程式，才可以使用這項權限。凡不符合此設定檔的任何應用程式，Google Play 商店將撤銷預設的 USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT 權限。這些政策異動的期限為 2024 年 5 月 31 日。

在使用者更新至 Android 14 之前，這項權限在手機應用程式中仍會保持啟用狀態。使用者可選擇啟用或停用權限。

您可以使用新的 API NotificationManager.canUseFullScreenIntent 檢查應用程式是否具備此權限；如果沒有，您的應用程式可以使用新的意圖 ACTION_MANAGE_APP_USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT 啟動設定頁面，以供使用者授予權限。

安全性

隱含和待處理意圖的限制

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, Android restricts apps from sending implicit intents to internal app components in the following ways:

  • Implicit intents are only delivered to exported components. Apps must either use an explicit intent to deliver to unexported components, or mark the component as exported.
  • If an app creates a mutable pending intent with an intent that doesn't specify a component or package, the system throws an exception.

These changes prevent malicious apps from intercepting implicit intents that are intended for use by an app's internal components.

For example, here is an intent filter that could be declared in your app's manifest file:

<activity
    android:name=".AppActivity"
    android:exported="false">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="com.example.action.APP_ACTION" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
    </intent-filter>
</activity>

If your app tried to launch this activity using an implicit intent, an ActivityNotFoundException exception would be thrown:

Kotlin

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"))

Java

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"));

To launch the non-exported activity, your app should use an explicit intent instead:

Kotlin

// This makes the intent explicit.
val explicitIntent =
        Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.apply {
    package = context.packageName
}
context.startActivity(explicitIntent)

Java

// This makes the intent explicit.
Intent explicitIntent =
        new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.setPackage(context.getPackageName());
context.startActivity(explicitIntent);

已註冊執行階段的廣播接收器必須指定匯出行為

應用程式和服務若以 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本為目標版本，並使用已註冊使用情境的接收器，必須利用 RECEIVER_EXPORTED 或 RECEIVER_NOT_EXPORTED 標記，指定應否將接收器匯出至裝置上其他所有應用程式。透過 Android 13 針對這些接收器引進的功能，上述要求有助於避免應用程式出現安全漏洞。

僅接收系統廣播訊息的接收器除外

如果應用程式僅透過 Context#registerReceiver 方法 (例如 Context#registerReceiver())，為系統廣播訊息註冊接收器，則註冊接收器時不應指定標記。

更安全的動態程式碼載入

If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and uses Dynamic Code Loading (DCL), all dynamically-loaded files must be marked as read-only. Otherwise, the system throws an exception. We recommend that apps avoid dynamically loading code whenever possible, as doing so greatly increases the risk that an app can be compromised by code injection or code tampering.

If you must dynamically load code, use the following approach to set the dynamically-loaded file (such as a DEX, JAR, or APK file) as read-only as soon as the file is opened and before any content is written:

Kotlin

val jar = File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar")
val os = FileOutputStream(jar)
os.use {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly()
    // Then write the actual file content
}
val cl = PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader)

Java

File jar = new File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar");
try (FileOutputStream os = new FileOutputStream(jar)) {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly();
    // Then write the actual file content
} catch (IOException e) { ... }
PathClassLoader cl = new PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader);

Handle dynamically-loaded files that already exist

To prevent exceptions from being thrown for existing dynamically-loaded files, we recommend deleting and recreating the files before you try to dynamically load them again in your app. As you recreate the files, follow the preceding guidance for marking the files read-only at write time. Alternatively, you can re-label the existing files as read-only, but in this case, we strongly recommend that you verify the integrity of the files first (for example, by checking the file's signature against a trusted value), to help protect your app from malicious actions.

從背景啟動活動的額外限制

針對以 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本為目標版本的應用程式，系統會進一步限制應用程式可從背景啟動活動的情況：

  • 當應用程式使用 PendingIntent#send() 或類似方法傳送 PendingIntent 時，如果應用程式要自行授予背景活動啟動權限，以便啟動待處理意圖，則須在當前階段選擇加入。如要選擇加入，應用程式應透過 setPendingIntentBackgroundActivityStartMode(MODE_BACKGROUND_ACTIVITY_START_ALLOWED) 傳遞 ActivityOptions 組合。
  • 如果開放瀏覽權限的應用程式使用 bindService() 方法，在背景中綁定另一個應用程式的服務，則開放瀏覽權限的應用程式必須在當前階段選擇加入，才可將其背景活動啟動權限授予該綁定的服務。如要選擇加入，應用程式在呼叫 bindService() 方法時，應納入 BIND_ALLOW_ACTIVITY_STARTS 標記。

這些變更會擴大現有的限制組合，避免惡意應用程式濫用 API 而從背景啟動干擾活動，進而為使用者提供保護。

Zip Path Traversal

針對指定 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本的應用程式，Android 會透過下列方式避免 Zip Path Traversal 安全漏洞：如果 ZIP 檔案的項目名稱包含「..」或以「/」開頭，則 ZipFile(String) 和 ZipInputStream.getNextEntry() 會擲回 ZipException。

應用程式可透過呼叫 dalvik.system.ZipPathValidator.clearCallback()，選擇不採用此驗證。

如果應用程式指定的是 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本，則 MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay 會在下列任一情況下擲回 SecurityException：

應用程式必須在每次擷取工作階段前，要求使用者同意。單一擷取工作階段是對 MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay 的單一叫用，且每個 MediaProjection 例項只能使用一次。

處理設定變更

如果應用程式需要叫用 MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay 來處理設定變更 (例如螢幕方向或螢幕大小變更)，您可以按照下列步驟更新現有 MediaProjection 例項的 VirtualDisplay：

  1. 使用新的寬度和高度呼叫 VirtualDisplay#resize。
  2. 提供新的 Surface，並將新的寬度和高度傳遞給 VirtualDisplay#setSurface。

註冊回呼

應用程式應註冊回呼，以便處理使用者未同意繼續擷取影像的情況。如要這麼做，請實作 Callback#onStop，並讓應用程式釋出任何相關資源 (例如 VirtualDisplay 和 Surface)。

如果應用程式未註冊此回呼，MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay 在應用程式叫用時會擲回 IllegalStateException。

更新非 SDK 限制

Android 14 includes updated lists of restricted non-SDK interfaces based on collaboration with Android developers and the latest internal testing. Whenever possible, we make sure that public alternatives are available before we restrict non-SDK interfaces.

If your app does not target Android 14, some of these changes might not immediately affect you. However, while you can currently use some non-SDK interfaces (depending on your app's target API level), using any non-SDK method or field always carries a high risk of breaking your app.

If you are unsure if your app uses non-SDK interfaces, you can test your app to find out. If your app relies on non-SDK interfaces, you should begin planning a migration to SDK alternatives. Nevertheless, we understand that some apps have valid use cases for using non-SDK interfaces. If you cannot find an alternative to using a non-SDK interface for a feature in your app, you should request a new public API.

如要進一步瞭解此 Android 版本中的變更，請參閱「Android 14 的非 SDK 介面限制更新內容」。如要進一步瞭解非 SDK 介面的一般資訊，請參閱「非 SDK 介面的限制」。