Ringkasan Fitur dan API

Android 14 memperkenalkan fitur dan API hebat untuk para developer. Berikut ini bantuan untuk mempelajari fitur-fitur yang tersedia untuk aplikasi Anda, serta mulai menggunakan API yang terkait.

Untuk melihat daftar mendetail tentang API yang ditambahkan, diubah, dan dihapus, baca laporan perbedaan API. Untuk mengetahui detail tentang API yang ditambahkan, buka referensi API Android — untuk Android 14, cari API yang ditambahkan di API level 34. Untuk mempelajari area tempat perubahan platform dapat memengaruhi aplikasi Anda, pastikan untuk memeriksa perubahan perilaku Android 14 untuk aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 14 dan untuk semua aplikasi.

Internasionalisasi

Preferensi bahasa per aplikasi

Android 14 memperluas fitur bahasa per aplikasi yang diperkenalkan di Android 13 (API level 33) dengan kemampuan tambahan berikut:

  • Otomatis membuat localeConfig aplikasi: Mulai dari Android Studio Giraffe Canary 7 dan AGP 8.1.0-alpha07, Anda dapat mengonfigurasi aplikasi untuk mendukung preferensi bahasa per aplikasi secara otomatis. Berdasarkan resource project, plugin Android Gradle menghasilkan file LocaleConfig dan menambahkan referensi ke file tersebut dalam file manifes akhir, sehingga Anda tidak perlu lagi membuat atau memperbarui file secara manual. AGP menggunakan resource dalam folder res modul aplikasi Anda dan dependensi modul library apa pun untuk menentukan lokalitas yang akan disertakan dalam file LocaleConfig.

  • Update dinamis untuk localeConfig aplikasi: Gunakan metode setOverrideLocaleConfig() dan getOverrideLocaleConfig() di LocaleManager untuk memperbarui secara dinamis daftar bahasa yang didukung aplikasi Anda di setelan sistem perangkat. Gunakan fleksibilitas ini untuk menyesuaikan daftar bahasa yang didukung per region, menjalankan eksperimen A/B, atau memberikan daftar lokalitas yang diupdate jika aplikasi Anda menggunakan push sisi server untuk pelokalan.

  • Visibilitas bahasa aplikasi untuk editor metode input (IME): IME dapat menggunakan metode getApplicationLocales() untuk memeriksa bahasa aplikasi saat ini dan mencocokkan bahasa IME dengan bahasa tersebut.

Grammatical Inflection API

Tiga miliar orang menggunakan bahasa bergender: bahasa yang kategori gramatikalnya—seperti kata benda, kata kerja, kata sifat, dan preposisi—diterapkan dengan gender orang dan objek yang Anda ajak bicara atau Anda bicarakan. Secara tradisional, banyak bahasa bergender menggunakan gender gramatikal maskulin sebagai gender default atau generik.

Menjangkau pengguna dalam gender gramatikal yang salah, seperti menyapa perempuan dengan gender gramatikal yang maskulin, dapat memberi dampak negatif pada performa dan sikap mereka. Sebaliknya, UI dengan bahasa yang mencerminkan gender gramatikal pengguna dengan benar dapat meningkatkan interaksi pengguna dan memberikan pengalaman pengguna yang lebih personal dan terdengar alami.

Guna membantu Anda mem-build UI yang berorientasi pengguna untuk bahasa-bahasa bergender, Android 14 memperkenalkan Grammatical Inflection API, yang memungkinkan Anda menambahkan dukungan untuk gender gramatikal tanpa perlu memfaktorkan ulang aplikasi.

Preferensi regional

Regional preferences enable users to personalize temperature units, the first day of the week, and numbering systems. A European living in the United States might prefer temperature units to be in Celsius rather than Fahrenheit and for apps to treat Monday as the beginning of the week instead of the US default of Sunday.

New Android Settings menus for these preferences provide users with a discoverable and centralized location to change app preferences. These preferences also persist through backup and restore. Several APIs and intents—such as getTemperatureUnit and getFirstDayOfWeek— grant your app read access to user preferences, so your app can adjust how it displays information. You can also register a BroadcastReceiver on ACTION_LOCALE_CHANGED to handle locale configuration changes when regional preferences change.

To find these settings, open the Settings app and navigate to System > Languages & input > Regional preferences.

Regional preferences screen in Android system settings.
Temperature options for regional preferences in Android system settings.

Aksesibilitas

Penskalaan font non-linear ke 200%

Starting in Android 14, the system supports font scaling up to 200%, providing low-vision users with additional accessibility options that align with Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG).

To prevent large text elements on screen from scaling too large, the system applies a nonlinear scaling curve. This scaling strategy means that large text doesn't scale at the same rate as smaller text. Nonlinear font scaling helps preserve the proportional hierarchy between elements of different sizes while mitigating issues with linear text scaling at high degrees (such as text being cut off or text that becomes harder to read due to an extremely large display sizes).

Test your app with nonlinear font scaling

Enable the maximum font size in a device's accessibility settings to test your app.

If you already use scaled pixels (sp) units to define text sizing, then these additional options and scaling improvements are applied automatically to the text in your app. However, you should still perform UI testing with the maximum font size enabled (200%) to ensure that your app applies the font sizes correctly and can accommodate larger font sizes without impacting usability.

To enable 200% font size, follow these steps:

  1. Open the Settings app and navigate to Accessibility > Display size and text.
  2. For the Font size option, tap the plus (+) icon until the maximum font size setting is enabled, as shown in the image that accompanies this section.

Use scaled pixel (sp) units for text-sizes

Remember to always specify text sizes in sp units. When your app uses sp units, Android can apply the user's preferred text size and scale it appropriately.

Don't use sp units for padding or define view heights assuming implicit padding: with nonlinear font scaling sp dimensions might not be proportional, so 4sp + 20sp might not equal 24sp.

Convert scaled pixel (sp) units

Use TypedValue.applyDimension() to convert from sp units to pixels, and use TypedValue.deriveDimension() to convert pixels to sp. These methods apply the appropriate nonlinear scaling curve automatically.

Avoid hardcoding equations using Configuration.fontScale or DisplayMetrics.scaledDensity. Because font scaling is nonlinear, the scaledDensity field is no longer accurate. The fontScale field should be used for informational purposes only because fonts are no longer scaled with a single scalar value.

Use sp units for lineHeight

Always define android:lineHeight using sp units instead of dp, so the line height scales along with your text. Otherwise, if your text is sp but your lineHeight is in dp or px, it doesn't scale and looks cramped. TextView automatically corrects the lineHeight so that your intended proportions are preserved, but only if both textSize and lineHeight are defined in sp units.

Kamera dan media

Ultra HDR untuk gambar

Ilustrasi kualitas gambar Standard Dynamic Range (SDR) versus High Dynamic Range (HDR).

Android 14 menambahkan dukungan untuk gambar Rentang Dinamis Tinggi (HDR) yang mempertahankan lebih banyak informasi dari sensor saat mengambil foto, yang memungkinkan warna yang cerah dan kontras yang lebih besar. Android menggunakan format Ultra HDR, yang sepenuhnya kompatibel dengan gambar JPEG, sehingga aplikasi dapat berinteraksi dengan lancar dengan gambar HDR, menampilkannya dalam Rentang Dinamis Standar (SDR) sesuai kebutuhan.

Merender gambar ini di UI dalam HDR dilakukan secara otomatis oleh framework saat aplikasi Anda memilih untuk menggunakan UI HDR untuk Jendela Aktivitasnya, baik melalui entri manifes atau saat runtime dengan memanggil Window.setColorMode(). Anda juga dapat mengambil gambar diam Ultra HDR yang dikompresi di perangkat yang didukung. Dengan lebih banyak warna yang dipulihkan dari sensor, pengeditan pasca-produksi dapat lebih fleksibel. Gainmap yang terkait dengan gambar Ultra HDR dapat digunakan untuk merendernya menggunakan OpenGL atau Vulkan.

Ekstensi Zoom, Fokus, Postview, dan lainnya di ekstensi kamera

Android 14 upgrades and improves camera extensions, allowing apps to handle longer processing times, which enables improved images using compute-intensive algorithms like low-light photography on supported devices. These features give users an even more robust experience when using camera extension capabilities. Examples of these improvements include:

Zoom dalam sensor

Jika REQUEST_AVAILABLE_CAPABILITIES_STREAM_USE_CASE di CameraCharacteristics berisi SCALER_AVAILABLE_STREAM_USE_CASES_CROPPED_RAW, aplikasi Anda dapat menggunakan kemampuan sensor lanjutan untuk memberikan streaming RAW yang dipangkas dengan piksel yang sama dengan bidang pandang penuh menggunakan CaptureRequest dengan target RAW yang memiliki kasus penggunaan streaming yang disetel ke CameraMetadata.SCALER_AVAILABLE_STREAM_USE_CASES_CROPPED_RAW. Dengan menerapkan kontrol penggantian permintaan, kamera yang diperbarui memberi pengguna kontrol zoom bahkan sebelum kontrol kamera lainnya siap.

Audio USB lossless

Android 14 mendapatkan dukungan untuk format audio lossless untuk pengalaman level audiophile melalui headset berkabel USB. Anda dapat membuat kueri perangkat USB untuk atribut mixer pilihannya, mendaftarkan pemroses untuk perubahan pada atribut mixer pilihan, dan mengonfigurasi atribut mixer menggunakan class AudioMixerAttributes. Class ini mewakili format, seperti mask saluran, frekuensi sampel, dan perilaku mixer audio. Class ini memungkinkan audio dikirim langsung, tanpa pencampuran, penyesuaian volume, atau efek pemrosesan.

Alat dan produktivitas developer

Pengelola Kredensial

Android 14 adds Credential Manager as a platform API, with additional support back to Android 4.4 (API level 19) devices through a Jetpack Library using Google Play services. Credential Manager aims to make sign-in easier for users with APIs that retrieve and store credentials with user-configured credential providers. Credential Manager supports multiple sign-in methods, including username and password, passkeys, and federated sign-in solutions (such as Sign-in with Google) in a single API.

Passkeys provide many advantages. For example, passkeys are built on industry standards, can work across different operating systems and browser ecosystems, and can be used with both websites and apps.

For more information, see the Credential Manager and passkeys documentation and the blogpost about Credential Manager and passkeys.

Health Connect

Health Connect is an on-device repository for user health and fitness data. It allows users to share data between their favorite apps, with a single place to control what data they want to share with these apps.

On devices running Android versions prior to Android 14, Health Connect is available to download as an app on the Google Play store. Starting with Android 14, Health Connect is part of the platform and receives updates through Google Play system updates without requiring a separate download. With this, Health Connect can be updated frequently, and your apps can rely on Health Connect being available on devices running Android 14 or higher. Users can access Health Connect from the Settings in their device, with privacy controls integrated into the system settings.

Users can get started using Health Connect without a separate app download on devices running Android 14 or higher.
Users can control which apps have access to their health and fitness data through system settings.

Health Connect includes several new features in Android 14, such as exercise routes, allowing users to share a route of their workout which can be visualized on a map. A route is defined as a list of locations saved within a window of time, and your app can insert routes into exercise sessions, tying them together. To ensure that users have complete control over this sensitive data, users must allow sharing individual routes with other apps.

For more information, see the Health Connection documentation and the blogpost on What's new in Android Health.

Update OpenJDK 17

Android 14 continues the work of refreshing Android's core libraries to align with the features in the latest OpenJDK LTS releases, including both library updates and Java 17 language support for app and platform developers.

The following features and improvements are included:

  • Updated approximately 300 java.base classes to Java 17 support.
  • Text Blocks, which introduce multi-line string literals to the Java programming language.
  • Pattern Matching for instanceof, which allows an object to be treated as having a specific type in an instanceof without any additional variables.
  • Sealed classes, which allow you restrict which classes and interfaces can extend or implement them.

Thanks to Google Play system updates (Project Mainline), over 600 million devices are enabled to receive the latest Android Runtime (ART) updates that include these changes. This is part of our commitment to give apps a more consistent, secure environment across devices, and to deliver new features and capabilities to users independent of platform releases.

Java and OpenJDK are trademarks or registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Peningkatan untuk app store

Android 14 introduces several PackageInstaller APIs that allow app stores to improve their user experience.

Request install approval before downloading

Installing or updating an app might require user approval. For example, when an installer making use of the REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGES permission attempts to install a new app. In prior Android versions, app stores can only request user approval after APKs are written to the install session and the session is committed.

Starting with Android 14, the requestUserPreapproval() method lets installers request user approval before committing the install session. This improvement lets an app store defer downloading any APKs until after the installation has been approved by the user. Furthermore, once a user has approved installation, the app store can download and install the app in the background without interrupting the user.

Claim responsibility for future updates

The setRequestUpdateOwnership() method allows an installer to indicate to the system that it intends to be responsible for future updates to an app it is installing. This capability enables update ownership enforcement, meaning that only the update owner is permitted to install automatic updates to the app. Update ownership enforcement helps to ensure that users receive updates only from the expected app store.

Any other installer, including those making use of the INSTALL_PACKAGES permission, must receive explicit user approval in order to install an update. If a user decides to proceed with an update from another source, update ownership is lost.

Update apps at less-disruptive times

App stores typically want to avoid updating an app that is actively in use because this leads to the app's running processes being killed, which potentially interrupts what the user was doing.

Starting with Android 14, the InstallConstraints API gives installers a way to ensure that their app updates happen at an opportune moment. For example, an app store can call the commitSessionAfterInstallConstraintsAreMet() method to make sure that an update is only committed when the user is no longer interacting with the app in question.

Seamlessly install optional splits

With split APKs, features of an app can be delivered in separate APK files, rather than as a monolithic APK. Split APKs allow app stores to optimize the delivery of different app components. For example, app stores might optimize based on the properties of the target device. The PackageInstaller API has supported splits since its introduction in API level 22.

In Android 14, the setDontKillApp() method allows an installer to indicate that the app's running processes shouldn't be killed when new splits are installed. App stores can use this feature to seamlessly install new features of an app while the user is using the app.

Paket metadata aplikasi

Starting in Android 14, the Android package installer lets you specify app metadata, such as data safety practices, to include on app store pages such as Google Play.

Mendeteksi kapan pengguna mengambil screenshot perangkat

To create a more standardized experience for detecting screenshots, Android 14 introduces a privacy-preserving screenshot detection API. This API lets apps register callbacks on a per-activity basis. These callbacks are invoked, and the user is notified, when the user takes a screenshot while that activity is visible.

Pengalaman pengguna

Tindakan kustom Sharesheet dan peringkat yang ditingkatkan

Android 14 mengupdate sharesheet sistem untuk mendukung tindakan aplikasi kustom dan hasil pratinjau yang lebih informatif bagi pengguna.

Menambahkan tindakan kustom

Dengan Android 14, aplikasi Anda dapat menambahkan tindakan kustom ke sharesheet sistem yang dipanggilnya.

Screenshot tindakan kustom di panel berbagi.

Meningkatkan peringkat target Berbagi Langsung

Android 14 menggunakan lebih banyak sinyal dari aplikasi untuk menentukan peringkat target langsung berbagi agar memberikan hasil yang lebih bermanfaat bagi pengguna. Untuk memberikan sinyal yang paling berguna untuk peringkat, ikuti panduan untuk meningkatkan peringkat target Berbagi Langsung. Aplikasi komunikasi juga dapat melaporkan penggunaan pintasan untuk pesan keluar dan masuk.

Baris Berbagi Langsung di sharesheet, seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh 1

Dukungan untuk animasi bawaan dan kustom untuk Kembali Prediktif

Video: Animasi kembali prediktif

Android 13 memperkenalkan animasi "kembali ke layar utama" prediktif di balik opsi developer. Saat digunakan pada aplikasi yang didukung dengan opsi developer yang diaktifkan, menggeser kembali akan menampilkan animasi yang menunjukkan bahwa gestur kembali akan menutup aplikasi untuk kembali ke layar utama.

Android 14 menyertakan beberapa peningkatan dan panduan baru untuk Kembali Prediktif:

Dengan rilis pratinjau Android 14 ini, semua fitur Kembali Prediktif tetap berada di balik opsi developer. Lihat panduan developer untuk memigrasikan aplikasi ke kembali prediktif, serta panduan developer untuk membuat transisi kustom dalam aplikasi.

Penggantian per aplikasi produsen perangkat layar besar

Penggantian per aplikasi memungkinkan produsen perangkat mengubah perilaku aplikasi di perangkat layar besar. Misalnya, penggantian FORCE_RESIZE_APP menginstruksikan sistem untuk mengubah ukuran aplikasi agar sesuai dengan dimensi tampilan (menghindari mode kompatibilitas ukuran) meskipun resizeableActivity="false" disetel dalam manifes aplikasi.

Ganti dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan pengalaman pengguna di perangkat layar besar.

Properti manifes baru memungkinkan Anda menonaktifkan beberapa penggantian produsen perangkat untuk aplikasi Anda.

Penggantian pengguna perangkat layar besar per aplikasi

Per-app overrides change the behavior of apps on large screen devices. For example, the OVERRIDE_MIN_ASPECT_RATIO_LARGE device manufacturer override sets the app aspect ratio to 16:9 regardless of the app's configuration.

Android 14 QPR1 enables users to apply per‑app overrides by means of a new settings menu on large screen devices.

Berbagi layar aplikasi

Berbagi layar aplikasi memungkinkan pengguna berbagi jendela aplikasi, bukan seluruh layar perangkat selama perekaman konten layar.

Dengan berbagi layar aplikasi, status bar, menu navigasi, notifikasi, dan elemen UI sistem lainnya dikecualikan dari tampilan bersama. Hanya konten aplikasi yang dipilih yang dibagikan.

Berbagi layar aplikasi meningkatkan produktivitas dan privasi dengan memungkinkan pengguna menjalankan beberapa aplikasi, tetapi membatasi berbagi konten ke satu aplikasi.

Smart Reply yang didukung LLM di Gboard pada Pixel 8 Pro

On Pixel 8 Pro devices with the December Feature Drop, developers can try out higher-quality smart replies in Gboard powered by on-device Large Language Models (LLMs) running on Google Tensor.

This feature is available as a limited preview for US English in WhatsApp, Line, and KakaoTalk. It requires using a Pixel 8 Pro device with Gboard as your keyboard.

To try it out, first enable the feature in Settings > Developer Options > AiCore Settings > Enable Aicore Persistent.

Next, open a conversation in a supported app to see LLM-powered Smart Reply in Gboard's suggestion strip in response to incoming messages.

Gboard utilizes on-device LLMs to provide higher-quality smart replies.

Grafik

Jalur dapat dikueri dan dapat di-interpola

Android's Path API is a powerful and flexible mechanism for creating and rendering vector graphics, with the ability to stroke or fill a path, construct a path from line segments or quadratic or cubic curves, perform boolean operations to get even more complex shapes, or all of these simultaneously. One limitation is the ability to find out what is actually in a Path object; the internals of the object are opaque to callers after creation.

To create a Path, you call methods such as moveTo(), lineTo(), and cubicTo() to add path segments. But there has been no way to ask that path what the segments are, so you must retain that information at creation time.

Starting in Android 14, you can query paths to find out what's inside of them. First, you need to get a PathIterator object using the Path.getPathIterator API:

Kotlin

val path = Path().apply {
    moveTo(1.0f, 1.0f)
    lineTo(2.0f, 2.0f)
    close()
}
val pathIterator = path.pathIterator

Java

Path path = new Path();
path.moveTo(1.0F, 1.0F);
path.lineTo(2.0F, 2.0F);
path.close();
PathIterator pathIterator = path.getPathIterator();

Next, you can call PathIterator to iterate through the segments one by one, retrieving all of the necessary data for each segment. This example uses PathIterator.Segment objects, which packages up the data for you:

Kotlin

for (segment in pathIterator) {
    println("segment: ${segment.verb}, ${segment.points}")
}

Java

while (pathIterator.hasNext()) {
    PathIterator.Segment segment = pathIterator.next();
    Log.i(LOG_TAG, "segment: " + segment.getVerb() + ", " + segment.getPoints());
}

PathIterator also has a non-allocating version of next() where you can pass in a buffer to hold the point data.

One of the important use cases of querying Path data is interpolation. For example, you might want to animate (or morph) between two different paths. To further simplify that use case, Android 14 also includes the interpolate() method on Path. Assuming the two paths have the same internal structure, the interpolate() method creates a new Path with that interpolated result. This example returns a path whose shape is halfway (a linear interpolation of .5) between path and otherPath:

Kotlin

val interpolatedResult = Path()
if (path.isInterpolatable(otherPath)) {
    path.interpolate(otherPath, .5f, interpolatedResult)
}

Java

Path interpolatedResult = new Path();
if (path.isInterpolatable(otherPath)) {
    path.interpolate(otherPath, 0.5F, interpolatedResult);
}

The Jetpack graphics-path library enables similar APIs for earlier versions of Android as well.

Mesh kustom dengan shader verteks dan fragmen

Android telah lama mendukung mesh segitiga gambar dengan bayangan kustom, tetapi format mesh input telah dibatasi untuk beberapa kombinasi atribut yang telah ditentukan. Android 14 menambahkan dukungan untuk mesh kustom, yang dapat didefinisikan sebagai segitiga atau strip segitiga, dan dapat, secara opsional, diindeks. Mesh ini ditentukan dengan atribut kustom, langkah vertex, beragam, serta shader vertex dan fragmen yang ditulis dalam AGSL.

Vertex shader menentukan variasi, seperti posisi dan warna, sedangkan fragment shader secara opsional dapat menentukan warna untuk piksel, biasanya dengan menggunakan variasi yang dibuat oleh vertex shader. Jika warna disediakan oleh shader fragmen, warna tersebut akan digabungkan dengan warna Paint saat ini menggunakan mode gabungan yang dipilih saat menggambar mesh. Seragam dapat diteruskan ke shader fragmen dan vertex untuk fleksibilitas tambahan.

Perender buffer hardware untuk Kanvas

To assist in using Android's Canvas API to draw with hardware acceleration into a HardwareBuffer, Android 14 introduces HardwareBufferRenderer. This API is particularly useful when your use case involves communication with the system compositor through SurfaceControl for low-latency drawing.